--- title: Kabul — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 5 description: Wikipedia's «Kabul», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kabul/page/5/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Kabul # Kabul · page 5 From Wikipedia, [«Kabul»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kabul/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kabul/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kabul/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kabul/page/4/) **5** The table below shows the 22 city districts and their settlements, with information about its land size and usage, accurate as of 2011.[\[169\]](../../page/5/#ref-169 "note 169")[461](../../461/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Internet-based participatory planning In 2019, the [Nagoya Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Institute_of_Technology), in partnership with the Kabul city Municipality, jointly agreed to deploy a digital platform, called D-Agree in urban planning to provide support for stakeholders to promote meaningful public participation and help reach consensus in Kabul city planning process.[\[170\]](../../page/5/#ref-170 "note 170")[462](../../462/ "tree and pragmatics") From September 2019 until the [Fall of Kabul (2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_%282021%29) in August 2021, the platform was used on behalf of Kabul Municipality to moderate more than 300 Kabul city-related planning discussions.[\[171\]](../../page/5/#ref-171 "note 171")[\[172\]](../../page/5/#ref-172 "note 172") [\[173\]](../../page/5/#ref-173 "note 173")[\[174\]](../../page/5/#ref-174 "note 174") [\[175\]](../../page/5/#ref-175 "note 175")[\[176\]](../../page/5/#ref-176 "note 176") [\[177\]](../../page/5/#ref-177 "note 177")[463](../../463/ "tree and pragmatics") In these discussions, more than 15,000 citizens participated in planning activities hosted by D-Agree and generated more than 71,000 opinions which catalogued into [issue-based information system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issue-based_information_system) regarding urban-related thematic areas.[\[170\]](../../page/5/#ref-170 "note 170")[464](../../464/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite the [Taliban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban) take-over, D-Agree will continue to play an important role in facilitating urban planning and infrastructure-related consultations.[\[178\]](../../page/5/#ref-178 "note 178")[465](../../465/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2022, [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) reported that D-Agree [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) [corpus](../../../Afghanistan/ "in our corpus") is used as a digital and smart city solutions in Afghanistan.[\[170\]](../../page/5/#ref-170 "note 170")[\[179\]](../../page/5/#ref-179 "note 179")[466](../../466/ "tree and pragmatics") D-Agree, is a discussion support platform with [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence)–based facilitation.[\[180\]](../../page/5/#ref-180 "note 180")[467](../../467/ "tree and pragmatics") The discussion trees in D-Agree, inspired by [issue-based information system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issue-based_information_system), contain a combination of four types of elements: issues, ideas, pros, and cons.[\[180\]](../../page/5/#ref-180 "note 180")[468](../../468/ "tree and pragmatics") The software extracts a discussion's structure in real time based on IBIS, automatically classifying all the sentences.[\[180\]](../../page/5/#ref-180 "note 180")[469](../../469/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Healthcare Further information: [Healthcare in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Afghanistan) [Healthcare in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Afghanistan) has improved in the last two decades.[470](../../470/ "tree and pragmatics") There are over 3,000 [hospitals and clinics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Afghanistan) in the country,[\[181\]](../../page/5/#ref-181 "note 181") with the more trusted ones being in Kabul.[471](../../471/ "tree and pragmatics") - ADEI Medical Complex[\[182\]](../../page/5/#ref-182 "note 182")[472](../../472/ "tree and pragmatics") - Afghan-Japan Hospital[\[183\]](../../page/5/#ref-183 "note 183")[473](../../473/ "tree and pragmatics") - Afshar Hospital[474](../../474/ "tree and pragmatics") - Ahmad Shah Baba Hospital[475](../../475/ "tree and pragmatics") - Ariana Medical Complex[\[184\]](../../page/5/#ref-184 "note 184")[476](../../476/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Atatürk Children's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atatürk_Children%27s_Hospital)[477](../../477/ "tree and pragmatics") - [CURE International Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CURE_International)[\[185\]](../../page/5/#ref-185 "note 185")[478](../../478/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Daoud Khan Military Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoud_Khan_Military_Hospital)[479](../../479/ "tree and pragmatics") - [French Medical Institute for Children](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Medical_Institute_for_Children)[480](../../480/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Indira Gandhi Children's Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Children%27s_Hospital)[481](../../481/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Jamhuriat Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuriat_Hospital)[482](../../482/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Jinnah Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah_Hospital,_Kabul)[483](../../483/ "tree and pragmatics") - Malalai Maternity Hospital[484](../../484/ "tree and pragmatics") - Maywand Hospital[485](../../485/ "tree and pragmatics") - Rabia-I-Balki Maternity Hospital[486](../../486/ "tree and pragmatics") - Wazir Akbar Khan Hospital[\[186\]](../../page/5/#ref-186 "note 186")[487](../../487/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Education Further information: [Education in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan), [List of schools in Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Kabul) The [Ministry of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Afghanistan%29) and the [Ministry of Higher Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_%28Afghanistan%29) are responsible for the education system in Afghanistan.[488](../../488/ "tree and pragmatics") [Public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school) and [private schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school) exist in all parts of the city.[489](../../489/ "tree and pragmatics") High schools include:[490](../../490/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Abdul Hadi Dawi High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hadi_Dawi_High_School), a school for boys[491](../../491/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Afghan Turk High Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Turk_High_Schools), Turkish-Afghan schools[492](../../492/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Amani High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amani_High_School), a German-Afghan school for boys founded in 1924[493](../../493/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ghulam Haider Khan High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Haider_Khan_High_School), a school for boys[494](../../494/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Habibia High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habibia_High_School), a British-Afghan school founded in 1903 by King [Habibullah Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habibullah_Khan)[495](../../495/ "tree and pragmatics") - [International School of Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_School_of_Kabul), an American-Afghan school[496](../../496/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Lycée Esteqlal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycée_Esteqlal), a Franco-Afghan school founded in 1922[497](../../497/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Malalai High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malalai_High_School), a Franco-Afghan school for girls[498](../../498/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Nazo Ana High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazo_Ana_High_School), a school for boys[499](../../499/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Rahman Baba High School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahman_Baba_High_School), an American-Afghan school for boys[500](../../500/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Universities Universities include:[501](../../501/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Afghanistan Institute Of Higher Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_Institute_Of_Higher_Education)[502](../../502/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Afghan National Security University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_University)[503](../../503/ "tree and pragmatics") - [American University of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Afghanistan)[504](../../504/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Bakhtar University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhtar_University)[505](../../505/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Dawat University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawat_University)[506](../../506/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Dunya University of Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunya_University_of_Afghanistan)[507](../../507/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Gawharshad Institute of Higher Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawharshad_Institute_of_Higher_Education)[508](../../508/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Gharjistan University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharjistan_University)[509](../../509/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kaboora Institute of Higher Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboora_Institute_of_Higher_Education)[510](../../510/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kabul Education University of Rabbani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_Education_University_of_Rabbani)[511](../../511/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kabul Health Sciences Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_Health_Sciences_Institute)[512](../../512/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kabul Medical University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_Medical_University)[513](../../513/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kabul Polytechnic University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_Polytechnic_University)[514](../../514/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kabul University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_University)[515](../../515/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Karwan University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karwan_University)[516](../../516/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kardan University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardan_University)[517](../../517/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kateb University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateb_University)[518](../../518/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Khatam Al-Nabieen University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatam_Al-Nabieen_University)[519](../../519/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Maryam University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam_University)[520](../../520/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mashal University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashal_University)[521](../../521/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Qalam institute of higher education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalam_institute_of_higher_education)[522](../../522/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Rana Institute of Higher Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Institute_of_Higher_Education)[523](../../523/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Rifah Afghanistan Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifah_Afghanistan_Institute)[524](../../524/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Salam University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salam_University)[525](../../525/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Transportation Further information: [Transport in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan) ### Air [Kabul International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_International_Airport) is located 25 km from the centre of Kabul.[526](../../526/ "tree and pragmatics") It is a hub to [Ariana Afghan Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Afghan_Airlines), the national carrier of Afghanistan, as well as private airlines such as [Afghan Jet International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Jet_International), [East Horizon Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Horizon_Airlines), [Kam Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam_Air), [Pamir Airways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamir_Airways), and [Safi Airways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safi_Airways).[527](../../527/ "tree and pragmatics") Regional airlines such as [Etihad Airways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etihad_Airways), [Flydubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flydubai), [Mahan Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahan_Air), [Turkish Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Airlines) and others also have regularly scheduled flights to the airport.[528](../../528/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Road The [AH76](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH76) highway (or Kabul-[Charikar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charikar) Highway) connects Kabul north towards Charikar, [Pol-e Khomri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol-e_Khomri) and [Mazar-i-Sharif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif) (310 km away), with leading roads to [Kunduz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunduz) (250 km away).[529](../../529/ "tree and pragmatics") The [AH77](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH77) highway goes west towards [Bamiyan Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamiyan_Province) (150 km away) and [Chaghcharan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaghcharan) in the central mountains of Afghanistan.[530](../../530/ "tree and pragmatics") To the south-west, the Kabul-[Ghazni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni) Highway goes to Ghazni (130 km away) and [Kandahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar) (460 km away).[531](../../531/ "tree and pragmatics") To the south, the Kabul-[Gardez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardez) Highway connects it to Gardez (100 km away) and [Khost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khost).[532](../../532/ "tree and pragmatics") To the east, the Kabul-[Jalalabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad) Highway goes to Jalalabad (120 km away) and ends at [Torkham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkham).[533](../../533/ "tree and pragmatics") Much of the road network in downtown Kabul consists of square or circle intersections (char-rahi).[534](../../534/ "tree and pragmatics") The main square in the city is [Pashtunistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunistan) Square (named after Pashtunistan), which has a large [fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain) in it and is located adjacent to the presidential palace, the [Central Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Afghanistan_Bank), and other landmarks.[\[187\]](../../page/5/#ref-187 "note 187")[535](../../535/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Massoud Circle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massoud_Circle) is located by the [U.S. Embassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Kabul) and has the road leading to the airport.[536](../../536/ "tree and pragmatics") In the old city, Sar-e Chawk roundabout is at the center of Maiwand Road ([Jadayi Maiwand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadayi_Maiwand)).[537](../../537/ "tree and pragmatics") Once all roads led to it, and in the 16th century was called the "navel of Kabul".[\[188\]](../../page/5/#ref-188 "note 188")[538](../../538/ "tree and pragmatics") In the [Shahr-e Naw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahr-e_Naw) district there are several major intersections: Ansari, Haji Yaqub, Quwayi Markaz, Sedarat, and [Turabaz Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turabaz_Khan).[539](../../539/ "tree and pragmatics") The latter, named after Turabaz Khan, connecting Flower Street and [Chicken Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Street).[540](../../540/ "tree and pragmatics") There are also two major intersections in western Kabul: the [Deh Mazang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deh_Mazang) Circle and [Kote Sangi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kote_Sangi).[541](../../541/ "tree and pragmatics") Salang Watt is the main road to the north-west, whereas Asamayi Watt and Seh Aqrab (also called Sevom Aqrab) is the main road to western Kabul.[542](../../542/ "tree and pragmatics") The steep population rise in the 21st century had caused major congestion problems for the city's roads.[\[189\]](../../page/5/#ref-189 "note 189")[543](../../543/ "tree and pragmatics") In efforts to tackle this issue, a 95 km outer [ring road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_road) costing $110 million was approved in 2017.[\[190\]](../../page/5/#ref-190 "note 190")[\[191\]](../../page/5/#ref-191 "note 191")[544](../../544/ "tree and pragmatics") Construction took five years and it runs from [Char Asiab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_Asiab) via [Ahmad Shah Baba Mina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Baba_Mina), [Deh Sabz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deh_Sabz) ("Kabul New City" development area), the AH76 highway, [Paghman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghman) and back to Char Asyab.[\[192\]](../../page/5/#ref-192 "note 192")[545](../../545/ "tree and pragmatics") A new bus [public transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport) service was also planned to be opened in 2018 (see below).[\[193\]](../../page/5/#ref-193 "note 193")[546](../../546/ "tree and pragmatics") In September 2017, the head of the Kabul Municipality announced that 286 meters of pedestrian overpass [footbridges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footbridge) will be built in eight busy areas "in the near future".[\[194\]](../../page/5/#ref-194 "note 194")[547](../../547/ "tree and pragmatics") Under the Kabul Urban Transport Efficiency Improvement Project that was signed in 2014 and backed by the [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank), the city is seeing widespread improvements in road conditions, including the building of new pedestrian sidewalks, drainage systems, lighting and [asphalted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete) road surfaces.[\[195\]](../../page/5/#ref-195 "note 195")[\[196\]](../../page/5/#ref-196 "note 196")[548](../../548/ "tree and pragmatics") Majority of vehicles driven in Kabul are made by [Toyota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota).[\[197\]](../../page/5/#ref-197 "note 197")[\[198\]](../../page/5/#ref-198 "note 198")[\[199\]](../../page/5/#ref-199 "note 199")[549](../../549/ "tree and pragmatics") Unregistered vehicles face [impoundment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_impoundment) by city officials.[\[200\]](../../page/5/#ref-200 "note 200")[550](../../550/ "tree and pragmatics") The number of dealerships have increased from 77 in 2003 to over 550 by 2010.[\[201\]](../../page/5/#ref-201 "note 201")[551](../../551/ "tree and pragmatics") Bicycles on the road are a common sight in the city.[552](../../552/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Public transport [Taxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi) in Kabul is painted turquoise and usually an older model [Toyota Corolla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corolla).[553](../../553/ "tree and pragmatics") There are around 40,000 of them in the city.[\[202\]](../../page/5/#ref-202 "note 202")[\[203\]](../../page/5/#ref-203 "note 203")[554](../../554/ "tree and pragmatics") The city's public bus service ([Milli Bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_Bus) / "National Bus") was established in the 1960s to take [commuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuters) on daily routes to many destinations.[555](../../555/ "tree and pragmatics") Long-distance road journeys are made by privately-owned [Mercedes-Benz buses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_buses), which are available at Paitakht (Capital) bus terminal in the Sarai Shomali area of [Khair Khana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khair_Khana).[556](../../556/ "tree and pragmatics") Another bus terminal is at [Dashte Barchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashte_Barchi), which take passengers to southern and central areas of Afghanistan.[557](../../557/ "tree and pragmatics") An electric [trolleybus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus) system operated in Kabul from February 1979 to 1992 using [Škoda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Škoda_Works) fleet built by a [Czechoslovak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia) company.[558](../../558/ "tree and pragmatics") The [trolleybus service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Kabul) was highly popular mainly due to its low price compared to the Millie Bus conventional bus service.[559](../../559/ "tree and pragmatics") The last trolleybus came to a halt in late 1992 due to warfare – much of the [copper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper) [overhead wires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_line) were later looted but a few of them, including the steel poles, can still be seen in Kabul today.[\[146\]](../../page/5/#ref-146 "note 146")[\[204\]](../../page/5/#ref-204 "note 204")[560](../../560/ "tree and pragmatics") In March 2021, a new city bus service was launched in Kabul using American vehicles built by [IC Bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC_Bus), and accompanied by newly built [bus stops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_stop) throughout the city.[561](../../561/ "tree and pragmatics") Five buses entered service on one route which is expected to be expanded to a fleet of 200 buses on 16 different routes.[\[205\]](../../page/5/#ref-205 "note 205")[\[206\]](../../page/5/#ref-206 "note 206")[562](../../562/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Notable people ### Rulers - [Gaju Khan Yousafzai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaju_Khan) (c. 1490–1565), Pashtun revolutionary leader who served under the banner of [Sher Shah Sur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri) of the [Sur Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_Empire)[563](../../563/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Politicians - [Sher Ali Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan) (c. 1825–1879), former Emir of Afghanistan[564](../../564/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Abdur Rahman Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan) (born between 1840 and 1844 – 1901), Emir of Afghanistan[565](../../565/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Amanullah Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_Khan) (1892–1960), Emir of Afghanistan during the [Independence War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War) till abdication in 1929[566](../../566/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Habibullāh Kalakāni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habibullāh_Kalakāni) (1891–1929), Revolutionary rebel leader and ruler of Afghanistan in 1929[567](../../567/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mohammed Zahir Shah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Zahir_Shah) (1914–2007), the last king of Afghanistan[568](../../568/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Hafizullah Amin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin) (1929–1979), former Prime Minister of Afghanistan[569](../../569/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Babrak Karmal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babrak_Karmal) (1929–1996), former President of Afghanistan[570](../../570/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Zamina Begum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamina_Begum) (1917–1978), former Afghan princess and first lady of Afghanistan[571](../../571/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Sibghatullah Mojaddedi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibghatullah_Mojaddedi) (1926–2019), former President of Afghanistan[572](../../572/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Anahita Ratebzad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahita_Ratebzad) (1931–2014), former Minister of Social Affairs and Tourism of Afghanistan[573](../../573/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Abdullah Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Abdullah) (born 1960), former chief executive officer of Afghanistan[574](../../574/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Shukria Barakzai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukria_Barakzai) (born 1970), Afghan politician and former ambassador of Afghanistan to Norway[575](../../575/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Roya Rahmani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roya_Rahmani) (born 1978), former Afghan diplomat, who served as Afghanistan's first female ambassador to the United States[576](../../576/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Nasima Razmyar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasima_Razmyar) (born 1984), Afghan-Finnish politician[577](../../577/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Religious figures - [Abu Khalid al-Kabuli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Khalid_al-Kabuli) (live during 7th century), a prominent early Islamic figure, known for his close companionship with [Ali Zayn al Abidin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad), fourth [Imam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam) of [Shia Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam)[578](../../578/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Abu Hanifa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa) (born 7th century), prominent Islamic scholar and the founder of the [Hanafi school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi_school) of jurisprudence, one of the four major [Sunni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam) legal schools, whose ancestors hailed from the Kabul region[579](../../579/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mir Zahid Harawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Zahid_Harawi) (born 17th century), religious scholar and historian, worked and died in Kabul[580](../../580/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Sayyid Mir Jan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Mir_Jan) (lived during 19th century) Sufi saint and leader of the [Naqshbandi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqshbandi) [Ishaani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazrat_Ishaan) Sub-Tariqa[581](../../581/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mohaqiq Kabuli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohaqiq_Kabuli) (born 1928), [Twelver Shia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism) [Marja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja%27)'[582](../../582/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Musicians - [Mohammad Hussain Sarahang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hussain_Sarahang) (1924–1983), singer[583](../../583/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Abdul Rahim Sarban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Sarban) (1930–1993), singer[584](../../584/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Nainawaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nainawaz) (1935–1979), artist, poet and composer[585](../../585/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Farhad Darya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhad_Darya) (born 1962), singer[586](../../586/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ahmad Zahir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Zahir) (1946–1979), singer[587](../../587/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Aryana Sayeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryana_Sayeed) (born 1985), singer[588](../../588/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Athletes - [Salim Durani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Durani) (1934–2023), former cricketer and only Indian Test cricketer to have been born in Afghanistan[589](../../589/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Siyar Bahadurzada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyar_Bahadurzada) (born 1984), mixed martial artist, former [Shooto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooto) Middleweight Champion, and first athlete from Afghanistan to fight in the [UFC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship)[590](../../590/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Asghar Afghan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asghar_Afghan) (born 1987), retired cricketer, Afghanistan's former captain who ended his career with the highest T20I wins as captain[591](../../591/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Omar Nazar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Nazar) (born 1978), footballer[592](../../592/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Zubayr Amiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubayr_Amiri) (born 1990), footballer for SC Hessen Dreieich and the Afghanistan national team[593](../../593/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Karim Janat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Janat) (born 1998), cricketer, brother to [Asghar Afghan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asghar_Afghan)[594](../../594/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Naveen-ul-Haq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naveen-ul-Haq) (born 1999), cricketer[595](../../595/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Hamid Rahimi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Rahimi) (born 1983), boxer[596](../../596/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Actors and Actresses - [Azita Ghanizada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azita_Ghanizada) (born 1978 or 1979), American actress[597](../../597/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Leena Alam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leena_Alam) (born 1978), film actress[598](../../598/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Vida Samadzai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_Samadzai) (born 1978), actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder[599](../../599/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Annet Mahendru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annet_Mahendru) (born 1985), Afghan-born American actress[600](../../600/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ahmad Khan Mahmoodzada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khan_Mahmoodzada) (born 1997), former child actor[601](../../601/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Writers and poets - [Saib Tabrizi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saib_Tabrizi) (born c. 1592) Persian poet who spent several years in Kabul under the patronage of Mirzā Aḥsan-Allāh Ẓafar Khan, the governor of Kabul at the time[602](../../602/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Sayed Askar Mosavi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayed_Askar_Mousavi) a contemporary Afghan historian, writer, and anthropologist.[603](../../603/ "tree and pragmatics") He was born in Kabul in 1956.[604](../../604/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Khaled Hosseini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Hosseini) (born 1965), Afghan-American novelist[605](../../605/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Homeira Qaderi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeira_Qaderi) (born 1980), writer[606](../../606/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Nainawaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nainawaz) (1935–1979), artist, poet and composer[607](../../607/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Haroon Yousofi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroon_Yousofi), journalist, poet and satirist[608](../../608/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Journalists - [Sayed Hamid Noori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayed_Hamid_Noori) (born 1965), journalist[609](../../609/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mustafa Nayyem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Nayyem) (born 1981), Afghan-[Ukrainian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine) [corpus](../../../Ukraine/ "in our corpus") journalist who was influential in sparking the [Euromaidan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan)[610](../../610/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Yama Wolasmal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama_Wolasmal) (born 1982), journalist[611](../../611/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Farahnaz Forotan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farahnaz_Forotan) (born 1992), journalist[612](../../612/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Wahida Faizi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahida_Faizi) (born 1994), journalist[613](../../613/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Activists - [Farida Ahmadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farida_Ahmadi) (born 1957), Afghan author and women's rights activist[614](../../614/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Adela Mohseni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adela_Mohseni) (born c. 1972), women's rights activist[615](../../615/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Zohra Rasekh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohra_Rasekh) (1969–2025), women's rights activist[616](../../616/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Twin towns – sister cities - [Pune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune), [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) [corpus](../../../India/ "in our corpus") (since 2003)[\[207\]](../../page/5/#ref-207 "note 207")[617](../../617/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Istanbul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul), [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) [corpus](../../../Turkey/ "in our corpus") (since 1992)[\[208\]](../../page/5/#ref-208 "note 208")[618](../../618/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kazan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan), [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) [corpus](../../../Russia/ "in our corpus") (since 2005)[\[209\]](../../page/5/#ref-209 "note 209")[619](../../619/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kansas City, Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri), United States (since 2018)[\[210\]](../../page/5/#ref-210 "note 210")[620](../../620/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Omaha, Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska), United States (since 2003)[\[211\]](../../page/5/#ref-211 "note 211")[621](../../621/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [List of cities in Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Afghanistan) [List of rulers of Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Kabul) [Timeline of Kabul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Kabul) ## Further reading Adamec, Ludwig W. (2012). "Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan". Scarecrow Press. "[Afghanistan Struggles to Preserve Rich Past Despite Ongoing War](http://www.afghanemb-canada.net/en/news_bulletin/2007/october/15/index.php)". [The Canadian Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Press). 14 October 2007. Hill, John E. (2009). *Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE*. Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1. Parodi, Laura E. (2021). "Kabul, a Forgotten Mughal Capital: Gardens, City, and Court at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century". *Muqarnas Online*. Romano, Amy (2003). "[A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan](https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000roma)". The Rosen Publishing Group. Tang, Alisa (21 January 2008). "[Kabul's Old City Getting Face Lift](http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2008/01/21/kabuls_old_city_getting_face_lift/)". *[The Boston Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe)*. [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press). [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kabul/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kabul/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kabul/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kabul/page/4/) **5** ## References {#references} 1\. Bumiller, Elisabeth (17 October 2009). "[Remembering Afghanistan's Golden Age](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/18/weekinreview/18bumiller.html)". *The New York Times*. 2\. Kohzad, Nilly. "[Kabul Residents, Visitors Recall Capital's Golden Era Before Conflict](https://www.rferl.org/a/kabul-glory-days-kabulis-history-afghanistan/31011399.html)". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3\. Hanifi, Shah Mahmoud. p. 185. [*Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier*](https://books.google.com/books?id=kh1hpPLSpcEC) . [Stanford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press), 2011. 4\. "[Kabul Mayor Meets Residents of Various Districts to Address Their Concerns](https://km.gov.af/19554/kabul-mayor-meets-residents-of-various-districts-to-address-their-concerns)". *Kabul Municipality*. 5\. "[State of Afghan Cities report 2015 (Volume-I English)](https://unhabitat.org/soac2015)". UN-Habitat. 6\. "[Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2025-26](https://nsia.gov.af:8443/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-1404.pdf#page=36)". *National Statistics and Information Authority*. September 2025. 7\. "[Kabul](https://www.wordreference.com/definition/Kabul)". *WordReference.com*. 8\. (no text) 9\. [American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language), 1969. 10\. English pronunciation: /ˈkɑːbəl/ *KAH-bəl*,\[7\] /ˈkɑːbʊl/ *KAH-buul*,\[7\]\[8\] /ˈkɑːbuːl/ *KAH-bool*,\[9\] /kəˈbuːl/ *kə-BOOL*\[7\]\[8\] or /kəˈbʊl/ *kə-BUUL*.\[7\]; *کابل* kɑˈbəl; *کابل* kʰɑːˈbʊ́l 11\. "[Kabul Municipality Divides City into 5 Zones](https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-195902)". *TOLOnews*. 24 September 2025. 12\. Nancy Hatch Dupree; Aḥmad ʻAlī Kuhzād (1972). "[An Historical Guide to Kabul – The Story of Kabul](http://www.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php)". American International School of Kabul. 13\. Beveridge, Annette Susannah (7 January 2014). "[The Bābur-nāma in English, Memoirs of Bābur](https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44608/44608-h/44608-h.htm#Page_202)". Project Gutenberg. 14\. Samrin, Farah (2005). "[The City of Kabul Under the Mughals](https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145943)". *Proceedings of the Indian History Congress*. 15\. "[Afghan King Overthrown; A Republic Is Proclaimed](https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/18/archives/afghan-king-overthrown-a-republic-is-proclaimed-afghanistan-king-is.html)". *The New York Times*. 18 July 1973. 16\. *Dateline Mongolia: An American Journalist in Nomad's Land* by Michael Kohn 17\. "['Mein Kabul': ORF-Reporterlegende Fritz Orter präsentiert im 'Weltjournal' 'seine Stadt' – am 31. August um 22.30 Uhr in ORF 2](https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20160830_OTS0058/mein-kabul-orf-reporterlegende-fritz-orter-praesentiert-im-weltjournal-seine-stadt-am-31-august-um-2230-uhr-in-orf-2)". Austria Press Agency. 18\. "[Taliban Peace Talks in Afghanistan](https://centralasiainstitute.org/in-wake-of-taliban-peace-talks-afghan-women-hope-basic-human-rights-still-theirs/)". 28 May 2019. 19\. Kakar, M. Hassan (2008). "[Kabul](https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-9780195176322-e-840?rskey=6DESxq&result=6)". *Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World*. Oxford University Press. 20\. "[Kabul](https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001/acref-9780191905636-e-3372?rskey=wE0hco&result=1)". *Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names*. Oxford University Press. 2020. 21\. Adamec, p.231 22\. Nancy Hatch Dupree / Aḥmad ʻAlī Kuhzād (1972). "[An Historical Guide to Kabul – The Name](http://www.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php)". American International School of Kabul. 23\. del Castillo, Graciana (2 April 2014). "Guilty Party: The International Community in Afghanistan". Xlibris Corporation. 24\. Emadi, Hafizullah (2005). "Culture and Customs of Afghanistan". Greenwood Publishing Group. 25\. Marsden, Peter (15 September 1998). "[The Taliban: War, Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan](https://archive.org/details/talibanwarreligi0000mars/page/12)". Palgrave Macmillan. 26\. Ring, Trudy (1994). "International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania". Taylor & Francis. 27\. Runion, Meredith L. (2007). "[The History of Afghanistan](https://archive.org/details/historyafghanist00runi_653)". Greenwood Publishing Group. 28\. Romano, p.12 29\. Snelling, John (31 August 2011). "The Buddhist Handbook: A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice". Random House. 30\. Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). "[E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936](https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA159)". BRILL. 31\. Dupree, Louis (14 July 2014). "Afghanistan". Princeton University Press. 32\. Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). "[Chandragupta Maurya and his times](https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA173)". Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 33\. "[A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul (p.2)](http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=99)". *Sir H. M. Elliot*. [Packard Humanities Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard_Humanities_Institute). 1867–1877. 34\. Hill, John E. 2004. *The Peoples of the West from the Weilue* 魏略 *by Yu Huan* 魚豢*: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD.* Draft annotated English translation... [Link](http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html) 35\. Hill (2004), pp. 29, 352–352. 36\. A. D. H. Bivar, [KUSHAN DYNASTY](http://iranicaonline.org/articles/kushan-dynasty-i-history) , in [Encyclopaedia Iranica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica), 2010 37\. "[A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul](http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=98)". *Sir H. M. Elliot*. [Packard Humanities Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard_Humanities_Institute). 1867–1877. 38\. Wilson, Horace Hayman (1998). "[Ariana antiqua: a descriptive account of the antiquities and coins of](https://books.google.com/books?id=s_K_gcxHz5YC&pg=PA133)". Asian Educational Services. 39\. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1973). "[The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran, 994: 1040](https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8YmAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Ghaznavids,+their+empire+in+Afghanistan+and+Eastern+Iran+994%E2%80%931040,)". Munshiram Manoharlal. 40\. "[A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul (p.3)](http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=100)". *Sir H. M. Elliot*. [Packard Humanities Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard_Humanities_Institute). 1867–1877. 41\. Ibn Battuta (2004). "[Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354](https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&pg=PA180)". Routledge. 42\. [Zahir ud-Din Mohammad Babur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur) (1525). "[Description of Kābul](https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44608/44608-h/44608-h.htm)". *[Memoirs of Babur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baburnama)*. Packard Humanities Institute. 43\. Gall, Sandy (2012). "[War Against the Taliban: Why It All Went Wrong in Afghanistan](https://archive.org/details/waragainsttaliba0000gall)". Bloomsbury Publishing. 44\. Schinasi, May. "[Kabul iii. History From the 16th Century to the Accession of Moḥammad Ẓāher Shah](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kabul-iii-history)". *Encyclopaedia Iranica*. 45\. Samrin, Farah (2005). "[The City of Kabul Under the Mughals](https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145943)". *Proceedings of the Indian History Congress*. 46\. Roy, Kaushik (January 2015). "[Mughal Empire and Warfare in Afghanistan: 1500–1810](https://academic.oup.com/book/4199/chapter-abstract/146011616?redirectedFrom=fulltext)". *academic.oup.com*. 47\. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2008). "Historic cities of the Islamic world". Brill. 48\. Foltz, Richard (1996). "[The Mughal Occupation of Balkh 1646–1647](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195477)". *Journal of Islamic Studies*. 49\. Ziad, Waleed (30 October 2018). "[The Persianate World](http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004387287_007)". BRILL. 50\. Ziad, Waleed (30 October 2018). "[The Persianate World](http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004387287_007)". BRILL. 51\. "[Kabul: City of lost glories](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1651814.stm)". *BBC News*. 12 November 2001. 52\. "[Story Map Cascade](https://www.loc.gov/ghe/cascade/index.html?appid=a0930b1f4e424987ba68c28880f088ea)". *Library of Congress*. 53\. Caption for Panorama of the Bala Hissar WDL11486 Library of Congress 54\. "[Draft Kabul City Master Plan](https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JMMJ.pdf)". *[USAID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID)*. 55\. Tanin, Z. (2006): Afghanistan in the 20th Century. Tehran. 56\. Anthony Hyman, "Nationalism in Afghanistan" in *International Journal of Middle East Studies*, 34:2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) 305. 57\. Hyman, 305. 58\. "[Kabul New City light rail plan – Railways of Afghanistan](http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/kabul-new-city-light-rail-plan/)". *www.andrewgrantham.co.uk*. 18 August 2015. 59\. Nick Cullather, "Damming Afghanistan: Modernisation in a Buffer State" in *The Journal of American History* 89:2 (Indiana: Organization of American Historians, 2002) 518. 60\. Cullather, 518. 61\. Cullather, 519. 62\. Cullather, 530. 63\. Caryl, Christian (12 June 2013). "[When Afghanistan Was Just a Stop on the 'Hippie Trail'](https://www.huffpost.com/entry/strange-rebels-excerpt_b_3427854)". *HuffPost*. 64\. Cullather, 534. 65\. "[Hotels and Tourists. \| ACKU Images System](https://ackuimages.photoshelter.com/image/I0000n5RXicm0vfM)". 66\. Blua, Antoine (5 October 2009). "[Afghans Prepare for Tourism Development](https://www.rferl.org/a/Afghans_Prepare_For_Tourism_Development/1843909.html)". *Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty*. 67\. Amstutz, J. Bruce (1994). "[Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RUSNyMH1aFQC)". Diane Publishing. 68\. Hammer, Joshua (21 January 2007). "[The Mysteries of Kabul](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/travel/21kabul.html)". *The New York Times*. 69\. Smith, Oliver (20 April 2018). "[When Afghanistan was just a laid-back highlight on the hippie trail](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/afghanistan/articles/when-afghanistan-was-just-the-laid-back-highlight-on-the-hippie-/)". *The Telegraph*. 70\. "[The Lonely Planet Journey: The Hippie Trail](https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-lonely-planet-journey-the-hippie-trail-6257275.html)". The Independent. 5 November 2011. 71\. Haynes, 372. 72\. Haynes, 373. 73\. J. Robert Moskin, American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service (Thomas Dunne Books, 2013), p. 594. 74\. John Prados, Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. 468. 75\. Dick Camp, Boots on the Ground: The Fight to Liberate Afghanistan from Al-Qaeda and the Taliban (Zenith, 2012), pp. 8–9. 76\. Yousaf, Mohammad (1991). "[Silent Soldier: The Man Behind the Afghan Jehad General Akhtar Abdur Rahman](https://books.google.com/books?id=cAoNAAAAIAAJ&q=Silent+soldier:)". Jang Publishers, 1991. 77\. Kakar, Hassan M. (1997). "[Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982](https://books.google.com/books?id=QyTmFj5tUGsC&pg=PA291)". University of California Press. 78\. "[Afghanistan](https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print)". *publishing.cdlib.org*. 79\. *Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation*, by J. Bruce Amstutz – Page 139 80\. *Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation*, by J. Bruce Amstutz – Page 139 & 140 81\. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists – December 1983 issue 82\. *Afghanistan: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan*, by Amin Saikal, William Maley – Page 48 83\. Dorronsoro, Gilles (2007). "[Kabul at War (1992–1996): State, Ethnicity and Social Classes](https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/212)". *South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal*. samaj.revues.org. 84\. *Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation*, by J. Bruce Amstutz – Page 140 85\. Landay, Jonathan S.. "[A truck bomb exploded in crowded downtown Kabul today,...](https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/04/27/A-truck-bomb-exploded-in-crowded-downtown-Kabul-today/7671578116800/)". *UPI*. 86\. Bowersox, Gary W. (2004). "[The Gem Hunter: The Adventures of an American in Afghanistan](https://books.google.com/books?id=WVAN9pjnRzMC&pg=PA100)". GeoVision, Inc.. 87\. 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"[What Went Right?](https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/04/what-went-right/)". *foreignpolicy.com*. 98\. "[Archnet](https://www.archnet.org/sites/5595)". *www.archnet.org*. 99\. Shah Mahmoud Mahmoud. "[ÇÈá äÇÊåÜ/ÓÜÜÜÇá ÜÜÜÜÜÜåÇÑÏåÜã/ÔãÇÑåی۳۱۳/ÇÓÊÇÏ ÔÇå ãÍãæÏ/ÈÑÍåÇی ÓÇÚÊ ÔåÑ ÇÈá](https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Tschardahoum/Shoumare-313/shahmahmoud%20Mahmoud.html)" \[The clock towers of Kabul city\]. *www.kabulnath.de*. 100\. "[قصر تاج‌بیگ پس از بازسازی](https://www.darivoa.com/a/taj-beg-palace-/5694275.html)". 10 December 2020. 101\. "['There is less fear': Restoration of Kabul repairs the ravages of war](https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/may/13/there-is-less-fear-restoration-of-kabul-repairs-the-ravages-of-war)". *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian)*. 13 May 2019. 102\. "[Afghanistan Displacement and Returnee Response Informal Settlement Profiles: City of Kabul](http://www.reachresourcecentre.info/system/files/resource-documents/reach_afg_factsheet_kabul_cover_page_jan2017_3.pdf)". *www.reachresourcecentre.info*. 103\. "[For a Lucky Few, Life Is Better in This Kabul Neighbourhood](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/01/kabul-afghanistan-suburb-modern/)". *www.nationalgeographic.com*. 28 December 2017. 104\. Rasmussen, Sune Engel (11 December 2014). "[Kabul – the fifth fastest growing city in the world – is bursting at the seams](https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/11/kabul-afghanistan-fifth-fastest-growing-city-world-rapid-urbanisation)". *The Guardian*. 105\. "[To go with story 'Afghanistan-elections-presidency-economics' by...](https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/to-go-with-story-afghanistan-elections-presidency-economics-news-photo/456453908#/to-go-with-story-afghanistanelectionspresidencyeconomics-by-emmanuel-picture-id456453908)". *Getty Images*. October 2014. 106\. Recknagel, Charles; Sarwar, Mustafa (14 June 2016). "[The Changing Face Of Kabul](https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-the-changing-face-of-kabul/27796779.html)". *RFE/RL*. 107\. "[Completed Projects – Gholghola Group](http://gholghola.com/en/complete-projects/)". *gholghola.com*. 108\. Hamdard, Azizullah (14 February 2015). "[New township changes Kabul ring road course](https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2015/03/10/new-township-changes-kabul-ring-road-course)". *www.pajhwok.com*. 109\. "[Kabul to give diplomats an 'ordinary life' in Baghdad-style green zone](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/17/afghanistan-kabul-diplomats-embassies)". *[TheGuardian.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGuardian.com)*. 17 May 2009. 110\. "[A photo tour of Kabul shows how 20 years of U.S. military presence reshaped Afghanistan's capital](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/kabul-architecture-war-us-afghanistan/)". *Washington Post*. 111\. "[World's fastest growing urban areas (1)](http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html)". City Mayors. 17 May 2012. 112\. "[Kabul: A City With 2 Faces](https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/kabul-a-city-with-2-faces/)". *thediplomat.com*. 113\. "[U.S. blames Pakistan agency in Kabul attack](https://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-isi-urged-attacks-u-targets-officials-002201562.html)". Reuters. 22 September 2011. 114\. "[U.S. links Pakistan to group it blames for Kabul attack](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-usa-haqqani-idUSTRE78G1RM20110917)". *Reuters*. 17 September 2011. 115\. "[Clinton Presses Pakistan to Help Fight Haqqani Insurgent Group](https://www.foxnews.com/world/clinton-presses-pakistan-to-help-fight-haqqani-insurgent-group/)". Fox News. 18 September 2011. 116\. "[Pakistan condemns US comments about spy agency](https://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-condemns-us-comments-spy-agency-044440789.html;_ylt=A2KJ3vVYX3xOdRkA9EZXNyoA?rnd=005681253004174930714413)". Associated Press. 23 September 2011. 117\. Baktash, Hashmat; Rodriguez, Alex (7 December 2008). "[Two Afghanistan bombings aimed at Shiites kill at least 59 people](http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghanistan-bombings-20111207,0,4701392.story)". *[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times)*. 118\. Rubin, Alissa (13 September 2011). 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"[Arg clock tower](https://president.gov.af/da/?page_id=7974&__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_CSd7GgyLGlddS4GBluZjdT2fBgdRKTgObtPbA_qeyNg-1630516942-0-gqNtZGzNAeWjcnBszQel)". *president.gov.af*. 129\. "[Push to modernise takes toll on Kabul's historical homes](https://www.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-cities-homes-idUSL8N2IJ3CF)". *Reuters*. 10 December 2020. 130\. "[Kabul Markaz Residential Tower 1, Kabul \| 1438696](https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1438696/kabul-markaz-residential-tower-1-kabul-afghanistan)". Emporis. 131\. Clark, Kate (25 April 2016). "[Kabul Duck Alert 2: Pictures of birds and birdwatchers at the Kol-e Hashmat Khan wetland](https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/kabul-duck-alert-2-pictures-of-birds-and-birdwatchers-at-the-kol-e-hashmat-khan-wetland/)". Afghanistan Analysts Network. 132\. 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"[Mullah Baradar, private firm discuss Kabul water project](https://pajhwok.com/2025/08/21/mullah-baradar-private-firm-discuss-kabul-water-project/)". Ariana News. 21 August 2025. 138\. "[IEA Cabinet prioritizes groundwater management as Kabul faces alarming water crisis](https://www.ariananews.af/iea-cabinet-prioritizes-groundwater-management-as-kabul-faces-alarming-water-crisis/)". Ariana News. 29 July 2025. 139\. "[Afghanistan](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/)". The World Factbook. 140\. "[Discover AFG's #1 Water Brand](https://www.ariawater.com/en)". *ariawater.com*. 141\. "[Afghanistan Beverage Industries Limited](https://www.abi-af.com/)". *abi-af.com/*. 142\. "[Noshaq Non Alcoholic beverage industry](https://noshaqwater.com/)". *noshaqwater.com/*. 143\. "[Pamir Cola Mineral Water](https://pamircola-co.com/product/mineral-water/)". *pamircola-co.com*. 144\. "[Water Supply Project Launched to Address Kabul's Growing Water Crisis](https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-195190)". *TOLOnews*. 28 July 2025. 145\. "[69m afs clean water supply network executed in Kabul](https://pajhwok.com/2025/07/27/69m-afs-clean-water-supply-network-executed-in-kabul/)". *Pajhwok Afghan News*. 27 July 2025. 146\. "[Trolleybuses in Kabul](http://www.spvd.cz/index.php/component/content/article/181-clanky/svet/af/217-afghanistan-en)". *www.spvd.cz*. 147\. "[National Geographic Magazine](http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf)". 148\. "[Afghan People's Dialogue on Peace: 34 Roadmaps on Peace](https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/afghan_peoples_dialogue_34_roadmaps_on_peace_english.pdf)". *UNAMA*. 2016-01-10. 149\. "[Afghanistan – AFG38731 –Tajiks in Kabul and Mazar-e-Sharif – Taliban](https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4f1029c92.pdf)". *Country Advice: Afghanistan*. 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"[Hinduism in ancient and modern Afghanistan](https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/04/21/hinduism-in-ancient-and-modern-afghanistan/)". 21 April 2022. 156\. "[Last member of Afghanistan's Jewish community leaves country](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/08/afghanistans-last-jew-leaves-country)". *The Guardian*. Associated Press. 8 September 2021. 157\. "[Jews of Afghanistan: A History of Tolerance and Diversity](https://aissonline.org/en/opinions/jews-of-af.../1164)". *aissonline.org*. 158\. Jalalzai, Freshta (8 March 2024). "[The Little-Known Story of Afghanistan's Last Jew](https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-little-known-story-of-afghanistans-last-jew/)". *New Lines Magazine*. 159\. Ben Zion Yehoshua-Raz, “Kabul”, in: *Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World*, Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. First published online: 2010 160\. Feigenbaum, Aaron (7 September 2014). "[The Jewish History of Afghanistan](https://aish.com/the-jewish-history-of-afghanistan/)". *Aish*. 161\. (no text) 162\. (no text) 163\. "[Recreation Area to be Made on Kabul's Maranjan Hill](https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-190100)". *TOLOnews*. 6 August 2024. 164\. "[A mosque resembling Dome of the Rock built on Wazir Akbar Khan hill in Kabul](https://www.ariananews.af/a-mosque-resembling-dome-of-the-rock-built-on-wazir-akbar-khan-hill-in-kabul/)". *Ariana News*. October 27, 2023. 165\. "[Ala'uddin Park, Kabul](https://pajhwok.com/photo/alauddin-park-kabul/)". *Pajhwok Afghan News*. 14 March 2018. 166\. "[Afghanistan aim to maintain ascendancy as format changes](https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1342146)". *www.icc-cricket.com*. 167\. Foschini, Fabrizio. "[A geographical guide to a metropolis in the making](https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Kabul-Police-Districts.pdf)". *www.afghanistan-analysts.org*. 168\. "[Community Scorecard of Kabul Municipality 2016](https://iwaweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/KBL-Municipality-CSC-FINAL-REPORT.pdf)". *iwaweb.org*. 169\. "[Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Ministry of Urban Development Affairs (MUDA) Kabul Municipality Dehsabz City Development Authority (DCDA)](http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12068151.pdf)". 170\. "[Regional Commissions report on the progress on the Implementation of the New Urban Agenda (2019–2022)](https://www.un.org/ecosoc/sites/www.un.org.ecosoc/files/files/en/2022doc/UNECE-QR-report.pdf)". United Nations. 2022. 171\. "[Kabul Municipality - شاروالی کابل: اطلاعیه‌ی اشتراک در بحث آنلاین!](https://km.gov.af/3436/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%87%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%29)". *km.gov.af*. 172\. "[What are the priorities of Kabul municipal districts](https://km.gov.af/3201/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%29)". Kabul City Municipality. 2020. 173\. "[Kabul Municipality - شاروالی کابل: په ښاری آنلاین بحث کې ګډون!](https://km.gov.af/3658/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DA%9A%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%DA%A9%DB%90-%DA%AB%DA%89%D9%88%D9%866%29)". *km.gov.af*. 174\. "[Kabul Municipality - شاروالی کابل: اطلاعیه‌ی اشتراک در گفتمان آنلاین شهری!](https://km.gov.af/3657/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%87%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%29)". *km.gov.af*. 175\. "[Kabul Municipality - شاروالی کابل: په ښاری انلاین بحث کې ګډون!](https://km.gov.af/3569/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DA%9A%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%DA%A9%DB%90-%DA%AB%DA%89%D9%88%D9%86%29)". *km.gov.af*. 176\. "[Kabul Municipality - شاروالی کابل: اولین گفتمان آنلاین در مورد مدیریت زباله‌ها برگزار شد](https://km.gov.af/4053/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86-%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%AF%29)". *km.gov.af*. 177\. "[Kabul Municipality - شاروالی کابل: په ښاری انلاین بحث کې ګډون!](https://km.gov.af/3437/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DA%9A%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%DA%A9%DB%90-%DA%AB%DA%89%D9%88%D9%86%29)". *km.gov.af*. 178\. "[女性の絵消した」「タリバンを拒絶」…アフガニスタン人の本音 日本のIT会社が公開](https://globe.asahi.com/article/14421938)". 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"[UAE Medical Firm To Run Two Key Kabul Hospitals](https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/uae-medical-firm-run-two-key-kabul-hospitals)". *TOLOnews*. 30 July 2018. 187\. "[The Square of Pashtunistan](https://baileyaplangandcomp.wordpress.com/2015/02/10/the-square-of-pashtunistan/)". 10 February 2015. 188\. "[The place to take the Afghan pulse](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8357427.stm)". 12 November 2009. 189\. "[Roadworks bring traffic chaos to Kabul](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-asia-20509559)". *BBC News*. 190\. "[Officials Say Kabul Ring Road Construction to Start Soon](http://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/officials-say-kabul-ring-road-construction-start-soon)". 191\. "[IDB Pays $74m Loan For Construction of Kabul City Ring-Road](http://rta.org.af/eng/2017/09/17/idb-pays-74m-loan-for-construction-of-kabul-city-ring-road/)". *rta.org.af*. 17 September 2017. 192\. Moosakhail, Zabihullah (16 August 2015). "[President Ghani: Kabul's ring road important economical project](https://www.khaama.com/president-ghani-kabuls-ring-road-important-economical-project-3768)". *The Khaama Press News Agency*. 193\. "[Amid chaos, Kabul gears up for pioneering metro bus service](http://kbr.id/english/07-2017/amid_chaos__kabul_gears_up_for_pioneering_metro_bus_service/91148.html)". 17 July 2017. 194\. "[در پایتخت؛ شهرداری کابل و ساخت 286 متر پُل هوایی در 8 موقعیت مزدحم شهر \|](http://khabarnama.net/blog/2017/09/17/building-fly-overs-in-kabul/)". 17 September 2017. 195\. "[Kabul Urban Transport Efficiency Improvement Project](http://projects.worldbank.org/P131864?lang=en)". 196\. "[Urban Transport Programme will Helps Keep Kabul Clean](https://nl4worldbank.org/2017/06/09/urban-transport-program-helps-keep-kabul-clean/)". 9 June 2017. 197\. "[Why the Corolla is so popular – even in Afghanistan](https://www.autonews.com/article/20130626/BLOG06/130629915/why-the-corolla-is-so-popular-even-in-afghanistan/)". 26 June 2013. 198\. Nakamura, David (27 August 2010). "[In Afghanistan, a car for the masses](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/26/AR2010082606430_2.html)". *The Washington Post*. 199\. [Australian Broadcasting Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation), [Dodgy cars clogging Kabul's roads](http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/09/2565599.htm) 200\. "[Over 1,300 unregistered, black-tinted vehicles seized in Kabul](https://pajhwok.com/2026/01/05/over-1300-unregistered-black-tinted-vehicles-seized-in-kabul/)". *Pajhwok Afghan News*. 5 January 2026. 201\. "[Corolla's the car of choice in Kabul](https://www.stripes.com/news/middle-east/afghanistan/corolla-s-the-car-of-choice-in-kabul-1.112845)". 202\. "[Over 74,000 Vehicles Painted as Taxis in Kabul, Traffic Police Report](https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-196936)". *TOLOnews*. 6 December 2025. 203\. "[More than 20,000 Taxis Now Operate in Kabul City](https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-195392)". *TOLOnews*. 13 August 2025. 204\. "[Catherine Lytle: From Gerbils to Trolleybus](http://languages.oberlin.edu/blogs/relg270/catherine-lytle-from-gerbils-to-trolleybus/)". 205\. "[New bus service for Kabul city launched](https://ariananews.af/new-bus-service-for-kabul-city-launched/)". 25 March 2021. 206\. "[Kabul Municipality – شاروالی کابل: بس‌های شهری شاروالی کابل در سطح شهر آغاز به فعالیت کرد!](https://km.gov.af/6060/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF)". Km.gov.af. 207\. "[Sister Cities of Ankara](http://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara#.V6zuCGVvfxs)". 208\. "[Sister Cities of Istanbul](http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm)". Greater Istanbul. 209\. Cultures and Globalization: Cities, Cultural Policy and Governance by Helmut K Anheier, p.376 210\. "[Deputy Mayor of Kabul Signs Sister Cities Friendship Agreement with Kansas City, Missouri ::: Embassy of Afghanistan](https://www.afghanembassy.us/news/deputy-mayor-of-kabul-signs-sister-cities-friendship-agreement-with-kansas-city-missouri)". *www.afghanembassy.us*. 211\. "[Cities in Afghanistan and Nebraska forge "sister cities" partnership – Afghanistan](https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/cities-afghanistan-and-nebraska-forge-sister-cities-partnership)". *ReliefWeb*. 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