---
title: By the 1st century CE, many of the area's city-states, such as Momba… — Kenya · tree and pragmatics
description: By the 1st century CE, many of the area's city-states, such as Mombasa, Malindi, and Zanzibar, began to establish trading relations with the Arabs. Who acts: Zanzibar. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Kenya» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Kenya, sentence 69

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From Wikipedia, [«Kenya»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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By the 1st century CE, many of the area's city-states, such as Mombasa, Malindi, and Zanzibar, began to establish trading relations with the Arabs.

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**Who acts:** Zanzibar · **What happens:** begin, establish · **To what, where:** trading relations

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Kenya». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Zanzibar), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Kenya:69
# text = By the 1st century CE, many of the area's city-states, such as Mombasa, Malindi, and Zanzibar, began to establish trading relations with the Arabs.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	1st	1st	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	5	amod	_	_
4	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	CE	ce	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
7	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	's	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	states	state	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	18	case	_	_
17	as	as	ADP	IN	_	16	fixed	_	_
18	Mombasa	Mombasa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	Malindi	Malindi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
23	Zanzibar	Zanzibar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
25	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
26	to	to	PART	TO	_	27	mark	_	_
27	establish	establish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	xcomp	_	_
28	trading	trading	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	compound	_	_
29	relations	relation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obj	_	_
30	with	with	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	Arabs	Arab	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	29	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | Zanzibar |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **establish** | to-infinitive | Zanzibar *not said here* | trading relations |  |  |  | with the Arabs | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent relation=Theme with arab=Source |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Kenya», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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