--- title: Khartoum — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 2 description: Wikipedia's «Khartoum», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Khartoum, also spelled Khartum, is the capital and most populous city of Sudan as well as Khartoum State. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Khartoum/page/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Khartoum # Khartoum · page 2 From Wikipedia, [«Khartoum»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Khartoum/) **2** On 10 May 2008, the [Darfur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur) rebel group [Justice and Equality Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement) attacked the city with the goal of toppling [Omar al-Bashir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir)'s government.[79](../../79/ "tree and pragmatics") The Sudanese government held off the assault.[\[39\]](../../page/2/#ref-39 "note 39")[\[40\]](../../page/2/#ref-40 "note 40")[\[41\]](../../page/2/#ref-41 "note 41")[80](../../80/ "tree and pragmatics") On 23 October 2012, an [explosion at the Yarmouk munitions factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouk_munitions_factory_explosion) killed two people and injured another person.[81](../../81/ "tree and pragmatics") The Sudanese government claimed that the explosion was the result of an Israeli airstrike.[\[42\]](../../page/2/#ref-42 "note 42")[82](../../82/ "tree and pragmatics") On 3 June 2019, Khartoum was the site of the [Khartoum massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_massacre), where over 100 dissidents were murdered (the government said 61 were killed), hundreds more injured and 70 women [raped](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape) by [Rapid Support Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces) (RSF) soldiers in order to forcefully disperse the [peaceful protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018–19_Sudanese_protests) calling for a civilian government.[\[43\]](../../page/2/#ref-43 "note 43")[83](../../83/ "tree and pragmatics") On 1 July 2020, activists demanded that al-Zibar Basha street in Khartoum be renamed.[84](../../84/ "tree and pragmatics") [Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zubayr_Rahma_Mansur) was a slave trader and the al-Zibar Basha street leads to the military base where the 2019 Khartoum massacre took place.[\[44\]](../../page/2/#ref-44 "note 44")[85](../../85/ "tree and pragmatics") On 26 October 2021, the city was locked down following [a military coup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27état) that left at least 7 dead, triggering protests and calls for a general strike.[86](../../86/ "tree and pragmatics") Prime minister [Abdalla Hamdok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdalla_Hamdok) was arrested during the coup, and held along with other cabinet members in an unknown location.[\[45\]](../../page/2/#ref-45 "note 45")[87](../../87/ "tree and pragmatics") On 15 April 2023, [fighting between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the RSF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_%282023-present%29) broke out across Sudan, [including in Khartoum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khartoum_%282023%29).[88](../../88/ "tree and pragmatics") Fighting was reported at the presidential palace, the RSF's headquarters, [Khartoum International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_International_Airport) and [Merowe Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merowe_Airport), which the RSF claimed to have captured.[89](../../89/ "tree and pragmatics") The Sudanese Armed Forces regained full control of Khartoum on 26 March 2025.[\[46\]](../../page/2/#ref-46 "note 46")[90](../../90/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Geography ### Location Khartoum is located at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile.[\[47\]](../../page/2/#ref-47 "note 47")[91](../../91/ "tree and pragmatics") Khartoum is relatively flat, at elevation 385 m,[\[48\]](../../page/2/#ref-48 "note 48") as the Nile flows northeast past Omdurman to [Shendi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shendi), at elevation 364 m[\[49\]](../../page/2/#ref-49 "note 49") about 163 km away.[92](../../92/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Climate Khartoum features a [hot desert climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_desert_climate) ([Köppen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification) [BWh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWh)) with a dry season occurring during winter, typical of the Saharo-Sahelian zone, which marks the progressive passage between the [Sahara Desert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Desert)'s vast arid areas and the [Sahel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel)'s vast semi-arid areas.[93](../../93/ "tree and pragmatics") The climate is extremely dry for most of the year, with about eight months when average rainfall is lower than 5 mm.[94](../../94/ "tree and pragmatics") The very long dry season is itself divided into a warm, very dry season between November and February, as well as a very hot, dry season between March and May.[95](../../95/ "tree and pragmatics") During this part of the year, hot, dry continental [trade winds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_winds) from deserts, such as the [harmattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmattan), sweep over the region; the weather is stable and very dry.[96](../../96/ "tree and pragmatics") The very irregular, very brief, rainy season lasts about 1 month as the maximum rainfall is recorded in August, with about 48 mm.[97](../../97/ "tree and pragmatics") The rainy season is characterized by a seasonal reverse of wind regimes, when the [Intertropical Convergence Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone) goes northerly.[98](../../98/ "tree and pragmatics") Average annual rainfall is very low, with only 121.3 mm of precipitation.[99](../../99/ "tree and pragmatics") Khartoum records on average six days with 10 mm or more and 19 days with 1 mm or more of rainfall.[100](../../100/ "tree and pragmatics") The highest temperatures occur during two periods in the year: the first at the late dry season, when average high temperatures consistently exceed 40 C from April to June, and the second at the early dry season, when average high temperatures exceed 39 C in September and October.[101](../../101/ "tree and pragmatics") Temperatures cool off somewhat during the night, with Khartoum's lowest average low temperature of the year, in January, just above 15 C. Khartoum is one of the hottest major cities on Earth, with annual mean temperatures hovering around 30 C. The city also has very warm winters.[102](../../102/ "tree and pragmatics") In no month does the average monthly high temperature fall below 30 C. This is something not seen in other major cities with hot desert climates, such as [Riyadh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh) [corpus](../../../Riyadh/ "in our corpus"), [Baghdad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad) [corpus](../../../Baghdad/ "in our corpus") and [Phoenix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona).[\[50\]](../../page/2/#ref-50 "note 50")[103](../../103/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Demographics - Year; Population[104](../../104/ "tree and pragmatics") - City; Metropolitan area[105](../../105/ "tree and pragmatics") - 1859[\[51\]](../../page/2/#ref-51 "note 51"); 30,000; n.a.[106](../../106/ "tree and pragmatics") - 1907; 69,349; n.a.[107](../../107/ "tree and pragmatics") - 1956; 93,100; 245,800[108](../../108/ "tree and pragmatics") - 1973; 333,906; 748,300[109](../../109/ "tree and pragmatics") - 1983; 476,218; 1,340,646[110](../../110/ "tree and pragmatics") - 1993; 947,483; 2,919,773[111](../../111/ "tree and pragmatics") - 2008 Census Preliminary; 3,639,598; 5,274,321[112](../../112/ "tree and pragmatics") Almost 250,000 Syrians lived in Khartoum as of 2019, representing 5% of the total population of the city.[113](../../113/ "tree and pragmatics") Most are young men who have fled war in Syria.[114](../../114/ "tree and pragmatics") Sudan was the only country in the world to accept travelers carrying a Syrian passport who lacked a visa.[\[52\]](../../page/2/#ref-52 "note 52")[115](../../115/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Economy After the signing of the historic [Comprehensive Peace Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement) between the Government of Sudan and the [Sudan People's Liberation Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement) (SPLA), the Government of Sudan began a massive development project.[\[53\]](../../page/2/#ref-53 "note 53")[\[54\]](../../page/2/#ref-54 "note 54")[116](../../116/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2007, the biggest projects in Khartoum were the [Al-Mogran Development Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mogran_Development_Project), two five-star hotels, a new airport, [El Mek Nimr Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mek_Nimr_Bridge) (finished in October 2007) and the [Tuti Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuti_Bridge) that links Khartoum to [Tuti Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuti_Island).[117](../../117/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 21st century, Khartoum developed based on Sudan's oil wealth (although the independence of [South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) [corpus](../../../South_Sudan/ "in our corpus") in 2011 affected the economy of Sudan negatively[\[55\]](../../page/2/#ref-55 "note 55")).[118](../../118/ "tree and pragmatics") The center of the city has tree-lined streets.[119](../../119/ "tree and pragmatics") Khartoum has the highest concentration of [economic activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_activity) in the country.[120](../../120/ "tree and pragmatics") This has changed as major economic developments take place in other parts of the country, like [oil exploration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_exploration) in the south, the [Giad Industrial Complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giad) in [Al Jazirah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazirah,_Sudan) state and White Nile Sugar Project in Central Sudan, and the [Merowe Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merowe_Dam) in the North.[121](../../121/ "tree and pragmatics") Among the city's industries are printing, glass manufacturing, food processing, and textiles.[122](../../122/ "tree and pragmatics") Petroleum products are now produced in the far north of Khartoum state, providing fuel and jobs for the city.[123](../../123/ "tree and pragmatics") One of Sudan's largest refineries is located in northern Khartoum.[\[55\]](../../page/2/#ref-55 "note 55")[124](../../124/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Retailing The [Souq al Arabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq_al_Arabi) is Khartoum's largest open air market.[125](../../125/ "tree and pragmatics") The [souq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq) is spread over several blocks in the center of Khartoum proper just south of the Great Mosque (Mesjid al-Kabir) and the minibus station.[126](../../126/ "tree and pragmatics") It is divided into separate sections, including one focused entirely on gold.[\[56\]](../../page/2/#ref-56 "note 56")[127](../../127/ "tree and pragmatics") Al Qasr Street and Al Jamhoriyah Street are considered the most famous [high streets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Street) in [Khartoum State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_State).[128](../../128/ "tree and pragmatics") Afra Mall is located in the southern suburb of Arkeweet.[129](../../129/ "tree and pragmatics") The Afra Mall has a supermarket, retail outlets, coffee shops, a bowling alley, movie theaters, and a children's playground.[130](../../130/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2011, Sudan opened the Hotel Section and part of the food court of the new, [Corinthia Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthia_Hotel_Khartoum) Tower.[131](../../131/ "tree and pragmatics") The Mall/Shopping section is still under construction.[132](../../132/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Education Main article: [Education in Khartoum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Khartoum) Khartoum is the main location for most of Sudan's top educational bodies.[133](../../133/ "tree and pragmatics") There are four main levels of education:[134](../../134/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kindergarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten) and day-care.[135](../../135/ "tree and pragmatics") It begins in the age of 3–4, consisting of 1-2 grades, (depending on the parents).[136](../../136/ "tree and pragmatics") - Elementary school.[137](../../137/ "tree and pragmatics") The first grade pupils enter at the age of 6–7.[138](../../138/ "tree and pragmatics") It consists of 8 grades, after which, at 13–14 years old, students are ready to take the certificate exams and enter high school.[139](../../139/ "tree and pragmatics") - Upper second school and high school.[140](../../140/ "tree and pragmatics") In these three the school methods add some main academic subjects such as chemistry, biology, physics, and geography.[141](../../141/ "tree and pragmatics") There are three grades in this level.[142](../../142/ "tree and pragmatics") The students' ages are about 14–15 to 17–18.[143](../../143/ "tree and pragmatics") - Higher education.[144](../../144/ "tree and pragmatics") There are several universities and colleges in Khartoum, including the [University of Khartoum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Khartoum)[\[57\]](../../page/2/#ref-57 "note 57") and [Sudan University of Science and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_University_of_Science_and_Technology).[\[58\]](../../page/2/#ref-58 "note 58")[145](../../145/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Transportation Khartoum is home to the largest airport in Sudan, [Khartoum International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_International_Airport).[146](../../146/ "tree and pragmatics") It is the main hub for [Sudan Airways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Airways), Sudan's main carrier.[147](../../147/ "tree and pragmatics") A new airport was planned for the southern outskirts of the city, but with Khartoum's rapid growth and consequent [urban sprawl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl), the airport is still located in the heart of the city.[148](../../148/ "tree and pragmatics") Khartoum's transportation is limited to the vehicular road system, with buses and personal vehicles comprising the main types of vehicles.[149](../../149/ "tree and pragmatics") As with many cities in the continent, parts of Khartoum are connected through privately owned buses.[\[59\]](../../page/2/#ref-59 "note 59")[\[60\]](../../page/2/#ref-60 "note 60")[150](../../150/ "tree and pragmatics") Khartoum has a number of bridges across both tributaries of the Nile.[151](../../151/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Mac Nimir Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Nimir_Bridge), the [Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile_Road_&_Railway_Bridge), the [Cooper Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Bridge) (also known as the Armed Forces Bridge), and the [Elmansheya Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmansheya_Bridge) span the Blue Nile, connecting Khartoum to Khartoum North.[152](../../152/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Omdurman Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omdurman_Bridge), the Victory Bridge, and the [Al-Dabbasin Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dabbasin_Bridge) span the White Nile, connecting Khartoum to Omdurman.[153](../../153/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Tuti Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuti_Bridge) connects Tuti Island with Khartoum.[154](../../154/ "tree and pragmatics") Prior to the construction of the Tuti Bridge in 2008, residents of Tuti Island relied on [water taxis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_taxi) to cross the Blue Nile into Khartoum.[155](../../155/ "tree and pragmatics") Khartoum has rail lines from [Wadi Halfa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Halfa), Port Sudan on the [Red Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea), and [El Obeid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ubayyid).[156](../../156/ "tree and pragmatics") All are operated by [Sudan Railways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Railways).[157](../../157/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Architecture The architecture of Khartoum reflects the city's history since the early 1820s and is marked by both native Sudanese, Turkish, British and modern buildings.[158](../../158/ "tree and pragmatics") In general, the [architecture of Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Sudan) reflects a wide diversity in its shapes, materials, and use.[159](../../159/ "tree and pragmatics") Since independence, the people of Sudan have introduced new infrastructure and technology, which has led to new and innovative building concepts, ideas and construction techniques.[\[61\]](../../page/2/#ref-61 "note 61")[160](../../160/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Culture ### Museums The largest museum in Sudan is the [National Museum of Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Sudan).[\[62\]](../../page/2/#ref-62 "note 62")[161](../../161/ "tree and pragmatics") Founded in 1971, it contains works from different epochs of Sudanese history.[162](../../162/ "tree and pragmatics") Among the exhibits are two [Egyptian temples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_temple) of [Buhen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhen) and [Semna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semna),[\[63\]](../../page/2/#ref-63 "note 63") originally built by Pharaoh [Hatshepsut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut) and Pharaoh [Tuthmosis III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuthmosis_III), respectively, but relocated to Khartoum upon the flooding of [Lake Nasser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nasser).[163](../../163/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Republican Palace Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Palace_Museum,_Khartoum),[\[64\]](../../page/2/#ref-64 "note 64") opened in 2000, is located in the former Anglican All Saints' cathedral[\[65\]](../../page/2/#ref-65 "note 65") on Sharia al-Jama'a, next to the historical [Presidential Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Palace,_Khartoum).[164](../../164/ "tree and pragmatics") The Ethnographic Museum[\[66\]](../../page/2/#ref-66 "note 66") is located on Sharia al-Jama'a, close to the Mac Nimir Bridge.[165](../../165/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Botanical gardens Khartoum is home to one of the oldest botanical gardens in Africa, [National Botanical Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_National_Botanical_Garden) in the Mogran district of the city.[\[67\]](../../page/2/#ref-67 "note 67")[166](../../166/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Clubs Khartoum is home to several clubs, including the [Blue Nile Sailing Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile_Sailing_Club),[\[68\]](../../page/2/#ref-68 "note 68") social clubs such as the German Club, the Greek Club, the Coptic Club, the Syrian Club and the International Club,[\[69\]](../../page/2/#ref-69 "note 69") as well as football clubs [Al Khartoum SC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Khartoum_SC)[\[70\]](../../page/2/#ref-70 "note 70") and [Al Ahli Khartoum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ahli_SC_%28Khartoum%29).[\[71\]](../../page/2/#ref-71 "note 71")[167](../../167/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Places of worship The [places of worship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Places_of_worship) in Khartoum primarily consist of [Muslim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) mosques.[\[72\]](../../page/2/#ref-72 "note 72")[\[73\]](../../page/2/#ref-73 "note 73")[168](../../168/ "tree and pragmatics") There are also [Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity) churches and temples: [Coptic Orthodox Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts_in_Sudan), [St. Matthew's Cathedral, Khartoum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Matthew%27s_Cathedral,_Khartoum), [Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Khartoum) ([Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church)), [Sudan Interior Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Interior_Church) ([Baptist World Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance)), the [Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Annunciation,_Khartoum) and [Presbyterian Church in Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Sudan) ([World Communion of Reformed Churches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches)).[169](../../169/ "tree and pragmatics") ## In popular culture ### Literature Khartoum's unique history and cultural significance have inspired literary works that explore its past, present, and future.[170](../../170/ "tree and pragmatics") For example, in "Reading Khartoum", the city is depicted as a space shaped by movement, political instability, and socio-cultural changes, resulting in underlying layers of meanings and ambiguity.[171](../../171/ "tree and pragmatics") Arabic-written poetry also offers a personalized glimpse of the city, reflecting its distinct cultural appearance and setting it apart from other Arab and African cities.[\[74\]](../../page/2/#ref-74 "note 74")[172](../../172/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Movies - [Song of Khartoum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Khartoum) (1955)[173](../../173/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Khartoum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_%281966_film%29) (1966)[174](../../174/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Khartoum Offside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_Offside) (2019)[175](../../175/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Notable people - [Sara Berkai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Berkai), Eritrean and British [social enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_enterprise) founder and [STEM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics) educator, born in Khartoum[\[75\]](../../page/2/#ref-75 "note 75")[176](../../176/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mohamed Altoum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Altoum), Sudanese photographer[177](../../177/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Amna Elhassan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amna_Elhassan), visual artist and architect.[178](../../178/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mohammad Omer Khalil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Omer_Khalil), Sudanese-American artist[179](../../179/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Alaa Satir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaa_Satir), visual artist[180](../../180/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mahmoud Abdulaziz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abdulaziz), singer[181](../../181/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Alsarah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsarah), singer[182](../../182/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mazin Hamid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazin_Hamid), musician[183](../../183/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Bibliography See also: [Timeline of Khartoum § Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Khartoum#Bibliography) ## External links [Kidnapped, tortured and thrown in jail: my 70 days in Sudan](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/05/captured-in-darfur-south-sudan) The Guardian, 2017 Werner, Louis (April 2018). "[Khartoum: A Tale of Two Rivers](https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/March-2018/Khartoum-A-Tale-of-Two-Rivers)". *AramcoWorld*. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Khartoum/) **2** ## References {#references} 1\. "[Where is Khartoum, The Sudan?](https://www.worldatlas.com/af/sd/kh/where-is-khartoum.html#:~:text=It%20is%20located%2015.55%20latitude,381%20meters%20above%20sea%20level.)". *WorldAtlas.com*. 2 October 2015. 2\. "[Khartoum, Sudan - Population Trends and Demographics](https://www.city-facts.com/khartoum/population#:~:text=Area%20of%20Khartoum%2C%20Sudan,322.7%20km%C2%B2)". *city-facts.com*. 2015. 3\. "[Demographia World Urban Areas](https://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf#page=24:~:text=Sudan,Khartoum)". Demographia. August 2023. 4\. "[Sudan Cities by Population 2025](https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/sudan#:~:text=Khartoum,1%2C974%2C647)". *WorldPopulationReview.com*. 2025. 5\. "[Khartoum](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Khartoum)". *Dictionary.reference.com*. 6\. "[Khartoum](http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Khartoum)". *TheFreeDictionary.com*. 7\. /ka:r'tu:m/ *kar-TOOM*;\[5\]\[6\] *الخرطوم*, pronounced [\[al.xur.tˤuːm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic)\] 8\. "[Khartoum - ACRC](https://www.african-cities.org/khartoum/)". 2021-10-01. 9\. "[Khartoum - ACRC](https://www.african-cities.org/khartoum/)". 2021-10-01. 10\. "[Khartoum \| Location, Facts, & History](https://www.britannica.com/place/Khartoum)". *Encyclopedia Britannica*. 11\. Leiro, Roberto (2023-04-15). "[Sudan's RSF Clashes with Army in Khartoum Airport](https://airwaysmag.com/sudans-rsf-clashes-with-army-in-khartoum-airport/)". *Airways*. 12\. "[BBC team reaches Khartoum and finds overwhelming destruction](https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0l1s375)". *Global News Podcast*. BBC News. 1 April 2025. 13\. Room, Adrian (2006). "[Placenames of the World](https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C)". McFarland. 14\. Beswick, Stephanie (2013). "[Sudan's Blood Memory: The Legacy of War, Ethnicity, and Slavery in Early South Sudan](https://books.google.com/books?id=r61i6BD0Vw0C&q=damadim+ancient+nubia&pg=PA39)". University Rochester Press. 15\. Walkley, C. E. J. (1935). "The Story of Khartoum". *Sudan Notes and Records*. University of Khartoum. 16\. "[Beja scholars and the creativity of powerlessness](http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/passages/4761530.0004.006/--beja-scholars-and-the-creativity-of-powerlessness?rgn=main;view=fulltext)". *Passages*. University of Michigan Library. 17\. Shukri, Hasan (August 1966). "Khartoum and Tuti 'Shreen Munz Qarnan". *Khartoum*. 18\. Donovan, Vincent J. (1978). "Christianity Rediscovered: An Epistle from the Masai". Orbis Books. 19\. Uhlig, Siegbert (2008). "Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Volume 3: He-N". 20\. 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