---
title: Buildings that were heavily damaged during the fighting have been de… — Kigali · tree and pragmatics
description: Buildings that were heavily damaged during the fighting have been demolished, much of the city has been rebuilt, and modern office buildings and infrastructure now exist across the city. Who acts: modern office buildings. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Kigali» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Kigali, sentence 83

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From Wikipedia, [«Kigali»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Buildings that were heavily damaged during the fighting have been demolished, much of the city has been rebuilt, and modern office buildings and infrastructure now exist across the city.

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**Who acts:** modern office buildings · **What happens:** damage, demolish, rebuild, exist · **To what, where:** Buildings, much, city

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Kigali». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (modern office buildings), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Kigali:83
# text = Buildings that were heavily damaged during the fighting have been demolished, much of the city has been rebuilt, and modern office buildings and infrastructure now exist across the city.
1	Buildings	building	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	heavily	heavily	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	damaged	damage	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl:relcl	_	_
6	during	during	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	fighting	fighting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	demolished	demolish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
13	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
17	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
18	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	rebuilt	rebuild	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
22	modern	modern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
23	office	office	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	_
24	buildings	building	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	nsubj	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	conj	_	_
27	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	28	advmod	_	_
28	exist	exist	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
29	across	across	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **damage** | past · passive |  | Buildings |  |  | during the fighting | heavily *property* | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **demolish** | present · perfect · passive |  | Buildings |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer |
| 3 | **rebuild** | present · perfect · passive |  | much of the city |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Result |
| 4 | **exist** | present | modern office buildings and infrastructure |  |  | the city | now |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Kigali», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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