---
title: Ottoman expansion in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th centuries… — Kosovo · tree and pragmatics
description: Ottoman expansion in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th centuries led to the decline and fall of the Serbian Empire; the Battle of Kosovo of 1389, in which a Serbian-led coalition of various ethnicities fought against the Ottoman Empire, is considered one of the defining moments. Who acts: Ottoma
---

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# Kosovo, sentence 12

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From Wikipedia, [«Kosovo»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Ottoman expansion in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th centuries led to the decline and fall of the Serbian Empire; the Battle of Kosovo of 1389, in which a Serbian-led coalition of various ethnicities fought against the Ottoman Empire, is considered one of the defining moments.

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**Who acts:** Ottoman expansion, various ethnicities · **What happens:** lead, fight, consider · **To what, where:** led coalition, Battle

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Kosovo». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ottoman expansion, various ethnicities), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Kosovo:12
# text = Ottoman expansion in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th centuries led to the decline and fall of the Serbian Empire; the Battle of Kosovo of 1389, in which a Serbian-led coalition of various ethnicities fought against the Ottoman Empire, is considered one of the defining moments.
1	Ottoman	ottoman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	expansion	expansion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Balkans	Balkan	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	14th	14th	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	15th	15th	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	12	compound	_	_
12	centuries	century	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
13	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	decline	decline	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	fall	fall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	Serbian	serbian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	Empire	Empire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	Battle	Battle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	48	nsubj:pass	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	Kosovo	Kosovo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	1389	1389	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
31	in	in	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	37	obl	_	_
33	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
34	Serbian	serbian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	34	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	led	lead	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	37	amod	_	_
37	coalition	coalition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	appos	_	_
38	of	of	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
39	various	various	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	amod	_	_
40	ethnicities	ethnicity	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	41	nsubj	_	_
41	fought	fight	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	37	acl:relcl	_	_
42	against	against	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
43	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	45	det	_	_
44	Ottoman	Ottoman	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	45	compound	_	_
45	Empire	Empire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	41	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
46	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
47	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	48	aux:pass	_	_
48	considered	consider	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	parataxis	_	_
49	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	48	xcomp	_	_
50	of	of	ADP	IN	_	53	case	_	_
51	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	53	det	_	_
52	defining	defining	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	53	amod	_	_
53	moments	moment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	49	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
54	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | past | Ottoman expansion in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th centuries |  |  |  |  | to the decline and fall of the Serbian Empire | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to decline=Patient |
| 2 | **lead** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 3 | **fight** | past | various ethnicities | a led coalition in the Battle of Kosovo of 1389 *not said here* |  |  |  | against the Ottoman Empire | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coalition=Co-Agent |
| 4 | **consider** | present · passive |  | the Battle of Kosovo of 1389 |  |  |  | one of the defining moments *xcomp* | vn consider-29.9-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Kosovo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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