---
title: Students from Kosovo performed very poorly on several PISA tests, an… — Kosovo · tree and pragmatics
description: Students from Kosovo performed very poorly on several PISA tests, and this result has sparked debates about the education system. Who acts: Students. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Kosovo» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Kosovo, sentence 435

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From Wikipedia, [«Kosovo»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Students from Kosovo performed very poorly on several PISA tests, and this result has sparked debates about the education system.

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**Who acts:** Students · **What happens:** perform, spark · **To what, where:** several PISA tests, result

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Kosovo». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Students), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Kosovo:435
# text = Students from Kosovo performed very poorly on several PISA tests, and this result has sparked debates about the education system.
1	Students	student	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	from	from	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	Kosovo	Kosovo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	performed	perform	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	poorly	poorly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	PISA	PISA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	tests	test	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
13	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	14	det	_	_
14	result	result	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
15	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
16	sparked	spark	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	_
17	debates	debate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	_
18	about	about	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	education	education	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	system	system	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **perform** | past | Students from Kosovo |  |  | several PISA tests |  | poorly *property* | vn performance-26.7 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **spark** | present · perfect · passive |  | this result |  |  |  | debates *obj* | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V S»: subject=Theme debate=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Kosovo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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