--- title: Kosovo — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 6 description: Wikipedia's «Kosovo», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Kosovo, officially the Republic of Kosovo, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe with partial diplomatic recognition. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kosovo/page/6/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Kosovo # Kosovo · page 6 From Wikipedia, [«Kosovo»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kosovo/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kosovo/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kosovo/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kosovo/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kosovo/page/5/) **6** In December 2019, Kosovo and Albania's energy transmission operators signed an agreement to establish a joint energy bloc between the two countries.[\[289\]](../../page/6/#ref-289 "note 289")[477](../../477/ "tree and pragmatics") This would allow Albania and Kosovo to exchange energy reserves, which was expected to result in €4 million in savings per year for Kosovo.[\[290\]](../../page/6/#ref-290 "note 290")[478](../../478/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Tourism Main article: [Tourism in Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Kosovo) Kosovo is rich in various topographical features, including high [mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain), [lakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake), [canyons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon), steep [rock formations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_formation) and [rivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River).[479](../../479/ "tree and pragmatics") The mountainous west and southeast of Kosovo have potential for winter tourism, and skiing takes place at the [Brezovica ski resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezovica_ski_resort) within the [Šar Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šar_Mountains), with close proximity to the [Pristina Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina_Airport) (60 km) and [Skopje International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_International_Airport) (70 km).[\[291\]](../../page/6/#ref-291 "note 291")[480](../../480/ "tree and pragmatics") Kosovo also has lakes like [Batllava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batllava_Lake) that serves as a popular destination for watersports, camping, and swimming.[\[292\]](../../page/6/#ref-292 "note 292")[481](../../481/ "tree and pragmatics") Other lakes include Ujmani, [Liqenati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Liqenat), [Zemra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemra_Lake).[\[292\]](../../page/6/#ref-292 "note 292")[482](../../482/ "tree and pragmatics") Other major attractions include the capital of [Pristina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina) [corpus](../../../Pristina/ "in our corpus"); the historical cities of [Prizren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren), [Peja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peja) and [Gjakova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjakova); and [Ferizaj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferizaj) and [Gjilan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjilan).[483](../../483/ "tree and pragmatics") [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) included Kosovo on the list of 41 places to visit in 2011.[\[293\]](../../page/6/#ref-293 "note 293")[\[294\]](../../page/6/#ref-294 "note 294")[484](../../484/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Transport Main article: [Transport in Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Kosovo) See also: [Motorways in Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorways_in_Kosovo) Road transportation of passengers and freight is the most common form of transportation in Kosovo.[485](../../485/ "tree and pragmatics") There are two main motorways in Kosovo: the [R7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania–Kosovo_Highway) connecting Kosovo with [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania) [corpus](../../../Albania/ "in our corpus") and the [R6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R6_Motorway_%28Kosovo%29) connecting [Pristina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina) [corpus](../../../Pristina/ "in our corpus") to the North Macedonian border at [Hani i Elezit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hani_i_Elezit).[486](../../486/ "tree and pragmatics") The construction of the [R7.1 Motorway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R7.1_Motorway_%28Kosovo%29) began in 2017.[487](../../487/ "tree and pragmatics") The [R7 Motorway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R7_Motorway_%28Kosovo%29) (part of [Albania-Kosovo Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania-Kosovo_Highway)) links Kosovo to [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania) [corpus](../../../Albania/ "in our corpus")'s [Adriatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic) coast in [Durrës](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrës).[488](../../488/ "tree and pragmatics") Once the remaining [European route (E80)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E80) from [Pristina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina) [corpus](../../../Pristina/ "in our corpus") to [Merdare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merdare) section project will be completed, the motorway will link Kosovo through the present European route (E80) highway with the [Pan-European corridor X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_corridor_X) ([E75](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E75)) near [Niš](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niš) in Serbia.[489](../../489/ "tree and pragmatics") The [R6 Motorway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R6_Motorway_%28Kosovo%29), forming part of the [E65](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E65), is the second motorway constructed in the region.[490](../../490/ "tree and pragmatics") It links the capital Pristina with the border with North Macedonia at [Hani i Elezit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hani_i_Elezit), which is about 20 km from [Skopje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje) [corpus](../../../Skopje/ "in our corpus").[491](../../491/ "tree and pragmatics") Construction of the motorway started in 2014 and finished in 2019.[\[295\]](../../page/6/#ref-295 "note 295")[492](../../492/ "tree and pragmatics") [Trainkos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainkos) operates daily passenger trains on two routes: [Pristina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina) [corpus](../../../Pristina/ "in our corpus") – [Fushë Kosovë](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushë_Kosovë_railway_station) – [Pejë](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejë), as well as Pristina – [Fushë Kosovë](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushë_Kosovë) – [Ferizaj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferizaj) – [Skopje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje) [corpus](../../../Skopje/ "in our corpus"), [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia) [corpus](../../../North_Macedonia/ "in our corpus") (the latter in cooperation with [Macedonian Railways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Railways)).[\[296\]](../../page/6/#ref-296 "note 296")[493](../../493/ "tree and pragmatics") Freight trains also run throughout the country.[494](../../494/ "tree and pragmatics") The nation hosts two airports, [Pristina International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina_International_Airport) and [Gjakova Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjakova_Airport).[495](../../495/ "tree and pragmatics") [Pristina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina) [corpus](../../../Pristina/ "in our corpus") International Airport is located southwest of Pristina.[496](../../496/ "tree and pragmatics") It is Kosovo's only international airport and the only port of entry for air travelers to Kosovo.[497](../../497/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2024, the Pristina International Airport handled a total of 4,082,481 passengers.[\[297\]](../../page/6/#ref-297 "note 297")[498](../../498/ "tree and pragmatics") Gjakova Airport was built by the [Kosovo Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Force) (KFOR) following the [Kosovo War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War), next to an existing airfield used for agricultural purposes, and was used mainly for military and humanitarian flights.[499](../../499/ "tree and pragmatics") The local and national government plans to offer Gjakova Airport for operation under a public-private partnership with the aim of turning it into a civilian and commercial airport.[\[298\]](../../page/6/#ref-298 "note 298")[500](../../500/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Media Main article: [Media of Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Kosovo) Kosovo ranks 99th out of 180 countries in the 2025 [World Press Freedom Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index) report compiled by the [Reporters Without Borders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders), with a score of 52.73 indicating difficult conditions.[\[299\]](../../page/6/#ref-299 "note 299")[501](../../501/ "tree and pragmatics") Media in Kosovo consists of radio, television, newspapers, and internet web sites, with most surviving from advertising and subscriptions.[502](../../502/ "tree and pragmatics") As according to IREX there are 92 radio stations and 22 television stations.[\[300\]](../../page/6/#ref-300 "note 300")[503](../../503/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Culture Main article: [Culture of Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo) ### Arts Main article: [Architecture of Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Kosovo), [Monuments of Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_of_Kosovo) See also: [Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Albanian_heritage_in_Kosovo), [Destruction of Serbian heritage in Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Serbian_heritage_in_Kosovo) The architecture of Kosovo dates back to the [Neolithic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic), [Bronze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age) and [Middle Ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Age).[504](../../504/ "tree and pragmatics") It has been influenced by the presence of different civilisations and religions as evidenced by the structures which have survived to this day.[505](../../505/ "tree and pragmatics") Kosovo is home to many [monasteries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteries) and churches from the 13th and 14th centuries that represent the [Serbian Orthodox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox) legacy.[506](../../506/ "tree and pragmatics") Architectural heritage from the [Ottoman Period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) includes mosques and [hamams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_bath) from the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.[507](../../507/ "tree and pragmatics") Other historical architectural structures of interest include [kullas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_of_Kosovo) from the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as a number of bridges, urban centres and fortresses.[508](../../508/ "tree and pragmatics") While some [vernacular buildings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_buildings) are not considered important in their own right, taken together they are of considerable interest.[509](../../509/ "tree and pragmatics") During the [1999 conflict in Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War), many buildings that represent this heritage were destroyed or damaged.[\[301\]](../../page/6/#ref-301 "note 301")[\[302\]](../../page/6/#ref-302 "note 302")[510](../../510/ "tree and pragmatics") In the Dukagjini region, at least 500 kullas were attacked, and most of them destroyed or otherwise damaged.[511](../../511/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2004, [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) recognised the [Visoki Dečani monastery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoki_Dečani_monastery) as [World Heritage Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) for its outstanding universal value.[512](../../512/ "tree and pragmatics") Two years later, the site of patrimony was extended as a serial nomination, to include three other religious monuments: [Patriarchate of Peja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Peć_%28monastery%29), [Our Lady of Ljeviš](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Ljeviš) and [Gračanica monastery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gračanica_monastery) under the name of [Medieval Monuments in Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Monuments_in_Kosovo).[\[303\]](../../page/6/#ref-303 "note 303")[513](../../513/ "tree and pragmatics") It consists of four [Serbian Orthodox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox) churches and [monasteries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_monasteries), which represent the fusion of the eastern Orthodox [Byzantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture) and the western [Romanesque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture) ecclesiastical architecture to form the Palaiologan Renaissance style.[514](../../514/ "tree and pragmatics") The monuments have come under attack, especially during the [2004 ethnic violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_unrest_in_Kosovo).[515](../../515/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2006, the property was inscribed on the [List of World Heritage in Danger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger) due to difficulties in its management and conservation stemming from the region's political instability.[\[304\]](../../page/6/#ref-304 "note 304")[516](../../516/ "tree and pragmatics") International exposure of Kosovan art was limited in the 1990s due to [Slobodan Milošević](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milošević)'s regime and the difficult circumstances during the struggle for independence.[\[305\]](../../page/6/#ref-305 "note 305")[517](../../517/ "tree and pragmatics") In February 1979, the Kosova National Art Gallery, now known as the [National Gallergy of Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Kosovo), was founded.[518](../../518/ "tree and pragmatics") It became the highest institution of visual arts in Kosovo.[519](../../519/ "tree and pragmatics") It was named after one of the most prominent artists of Kosovo [Muslim Mulliqi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Mulliqi).[520](../../520/ "tree and pragmatics") [Engjëll Berisha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engjëll_Berisha), [Masar Caka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masar_Caka), [Tahir Emra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_Emra), [Abdullah Gërguri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Gërguri), [Hysni Krasniqi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysni_Krasniqi), [Nimon Lokaj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimon_Lokaj), Aziz Nimani, [Ramadan Ramadani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_Ramadani), [Esat Valla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esat_Valla) and Lendita Zeqiraj are some of few [Albanian painters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Albanian_painters) born in Kosovo.[521](../../521/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Music Main article: [Music of Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo) Although the music in Kosovo is diverse, authentic [Albanian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Albania) and [Serbian music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_music) still exist.[522](../../522/ "tree and pragmatics") [Albanian music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_music) is characterised by the use of the [Çifteli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Çifteli).[523](../../523/ "tree and pragmatics") [Classical music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music_in_Kosovo) is well known in Kosovo and has been taught at several [music schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pre-college_music_schools) and universities.[524](../../524/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2014, Kosovo submitted their first film for the [Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film), with [Three Windows and a Hanging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Windows_and_a_Hanging) directed by [Isa Qosja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Qosja).[\[306\]](../../page/6/#ref-306 "note 306")[525](../../525/ "tree and pragmatics") A baked-clay [ocarina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocarina) found in the village of [Runik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik) is considered to be the oldest musical instrument found in Kosovo and one of the oldest ocarinas ever found in Europe.[\[307\]](../../page/6/#ref-307 "note 307")[526](../../526/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Runik ocarina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik_ocarina) is thought to be at least 8,000 years old.[\[308\]](../../page/6/#ref-308 "note 308")[527](../../527/ "tree and pragmatics") [Albanian epic poetry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_epic_poetry), found in Kosovo and [Northern Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Albania), is sung while accompanied by a [lahutë](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusle) or [çifteli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Çifteli).[528](../../528/ "tree and pragmatics") Kosovar music is influenced by Turkish music due to the almost 500-year span of Ottoman rule in Kosovo though Kosovar folklore has preserved its originality and exemplary.[\[309\]](../../page/6/#ref-309 "note 309")[529](../../529/ "tree and pragmatics") Archaeological research tells how old this tradition is and how it was developed in parallel with other traditional music in the Balkans.[530](../../530/ "tree and pragmatics") Roots dating to the 5th century BC have been found in paintings on stones of singers with instruments.[531](../../531/ "tree and pragmatics") (There is a famous portrait of "Pani" holding an instrument similar to a flute).[\[310\]](../../page/6/#ref-310 "note 310")[532](../../532/ "tree and pragmatics") The contemporary music artists [Rita Ora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Ora), [Dua Lipa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Lipa) and [Era Istrefi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_Istrefi) are all of [Albanian origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians) and have achieved international recognition for their music.[\[311\]](../../page/6/#ref-311 "note 311")[533](../../533/ "tree and pragmatics") One widely recognised musician from [Prizren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren) is guitarist [Petrit Çeku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrit_Çeku), winner of several international prizes.[\[312\]](../../page/6/#ref-312 "note 312")[534](../../534/ "tree and pragmatics") Serbian music from Kosovo presents a mixture of traditional music, which is part of the wider Balkan tradition, with its own distinctive sound, and various Western and Turkish influences.[\[309\]](../../page/6/#ref-309 "note 309")[535](../../535/ "tree and pragmatics") Serb songs from Kosovo were an inspiration for 12th song wreath by composer [Stevan Mokranjac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac).[536](../../536/ "tree and pragmatics") Most of Serbian music from Kosovo was dominated by church music, with its own share of sung epic poetry.[\[309\]](../../page/6/#ref-309 "note 309")[537](../../537/ "tree and pragmatics") Serbian national instrument [Gusle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusle) is also used in Kosovo.[\[313\]](../../page/6/#ref-313 "note 313")[538](../../538/ "tree and pragmatics") [Viktorija](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktorija_%28singer%29) is the only artist from [Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo) who represented [Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest) as part of [Aska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aska_%28group%29) in [1982](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1982).[539](../../539/ "tree and pragmatics") Singer [Rona Nishliu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rona_Nishliu) finished 5th in the [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2012) Eurovision Song Contest, while [Lindita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindita_%28singer%29) represented Albania in [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2017).[540](../../540/ "tree and pragmatics") Several Serbian singers from Kosovo have also participated in the Serbian national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest.[541](../../541/ "tree and pragmatics") [Nevena Božović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevena_Božović) represented [Serbia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest) and twice in the Eurovision Song Contest, firstly as a member of [Moje 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moje_3) in [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2013) and as a solo act in [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019).[542](../../542/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cinema Main article: [Cinema of Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo) The film industry of Kosovo dates from the 1970s.[543](../../543/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1969, the parliament of Kosovo established [Kosovafilm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovafilm), a state institution for the production, distribution and showing of films.[544](../../544/ "tree and pragmatics") Its initial director was the actor Abdurrahman Shala, followed by writer and noted poet [Azem Shkreli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azem_Shkreli), under whose direction the most successful films were produced.[545](../../545/ "tree and pragmatics") Subsequent directors of Kosovafilm were Xhevar Qorraj, Ekrem Kryeziu and Gani Mehmetaj.[546](../../546/ "tree and pragmatics") After producing seventeen feature films, numerous short films and documentaries, the institution was taken over by the Serbian authorities in 1990 and dissolved.[547](../../547/ "tree and pragmatics") Kosovafilm was reestablished after [Yugoslav](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia) withdrawal from the region in June 1999 and has since been endeavouring to revive the film industry in Kosovo.[548](../../548/ "tree and pragmatics") [Dokufest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokufest), an international documentary and short film festival, is the largest film event in Kosovo.[549](../../549/ "tree and pragmatics") The festival is held each August in [Prizren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren), and attracts numerous international and regional artists.[550](../../550/ "tree and pragmatics") Films are screened twice a day in three open-air cinemas as well as in two regular cinemas.[551](../../551/ "tree and pragmatics") In addition to its films, the festival is also well known for lively nights after the screening.[552](../../552/ "tree and pragmatics") Various events happen within the scope of the festival: workshops, DokuPhoto exhibitions, festival camping, concerts, which altogether turn the city into a charming place to be.[553](../../553/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2010, Dokufest was voted as one of the 25 best international documentary festivals.[\[314\]](../../page/6/#ref-314 "note 314")[554](../../554/ "tree and pragmatics") International actors of Albanian origin from Kosovo include [Arta Dobroshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta_Dobroshi), [James Biberi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Biberi), [Faruk Begolli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faruk_Begolli) and [Bekim Fehmiu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekim_Fehmiu).[555](../../555/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Prishtina International Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prishtina_International_Film_Festival) is the largest film festival, held annually in Pristina, in Kosovo that screens prominent international cinema productions in the Balkan region and beyond, and draws attention to the Kosovar film industry.[556](../../556/ "tree and pragmatics") The movie [Shok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shok_%28film%29) was nominated for the [Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Live_Action_Short_Film) at the [88th Academy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88th_Academy_Awards) in 2016.[\[315\]](../../page/6/#ref-315 "note 315")[557](../../557/ "tree and pragmatics") The movie was written and directed by Oscar nominated director [Jamie Donoughue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Donoughue), based on true events during the [Kosovo War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_war).[558](../../558/ "tree and pragmatics") Shok\*\*s distributor is Ouat Media, and the social media campaign is led by [Team Albanians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Albanians).[559](../../559/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cuisine Main article: [Kosovar cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovar_cuisine) Kosovar cuisine is distinguished by multifaceted culinary influences derived from [Balkan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_cuisine), [Mediterranean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine), and [Ottoman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine) traditions.[\[316\]](../../page/6/#ref-316 "note 316")[560](../../560/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Sports Main article: [Sport in Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Kosovo) See also: [Membership of Kosovo in international sports federations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_sports_federations) Since its declaration of independence in 2008, Kosovo has made substantial advancements in international sports.[561](../../561/ "tree and pragmatics") The nation's inaugural participation in the [Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games) occurred at the [2016 games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics), where it achieved a milestone by securing its first medals.[\[317\]](../../page/6/#ref-317 "note 317")[562](../../562/ "tree and pragmatics") Kosovo's involvement in the [European Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Games) began in [2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_European_Games), during which the nation amassed [four medals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_at_the_European_Games).[563](../../563/ "tree and pragmatics") Additionally, Kosovo commenced participation in the [Mediterranean Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Games) in [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Mediterranean_Games), obtaining [ten medals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_at_the_Mediterranean_Games).[\[318\]](../../page/6/#ref-318 "note 318")[\[319\]](../../page/6/#ref-319 "note 319")[564](../../564/ "tree and pragmatics") Forthcoming, Kosovo is scheduled to host the [2030 games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030_Mediterranean_Games).[\[320\]](../../page/6/#ref-320 "note 320")[\[321\]](../../page/6/#ref-321 "note 321")[565](../../565/ "tree and pragmatics") Athletes such as [Laura Fazliu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Fazliu), [Akil Gjakova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akil_Gjakova), [Nora Gjakova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Gjakova), [Majlinda Kelmendi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlinda_Kelmendi), [Loriana Kuka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loriana_Kuka), and [Distria Krasniqi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distria_Krasniqi) have played significant roles in Kosovo's sporting achievements, with Majlinda Kelmendi winning the nation's first Olympic gold medal.[\[322\]](../../page/6/#ref-322 "note 322")[566](../../566/ "tree and pragmatics") Judo has become an important part of Kosovo's success in international competitions, accounting for the majority of the nation's medals.[\[323\]](../../page/6/#ref-323 "note 323")[\[324\]](../../page/6/#ref-324 "note 324")[567](../../567/ "tree and pragmatics") Prior to Kosovo's independence, other athletes such as [Aziz Salihu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Salihu), [Vladimir Durković](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Durković), [Fahrudin Jusufi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrudin_Jusufi), and [Milutin Šoškić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Šoškić) represented Yugoslavia.[\[325\]](../../page/6/#ref-325 "note 325")[568](../../568/ "tree and pragmatics") Kosovo achieved [full membership status](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Kosovo) in both the [Union of European Football Associations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_European_Football_Associations) (UEFA) and [Fédération Internationale de Football Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fédération_Internationale_de_Football_Association) (FIFA) in 2016, facilitating the nation's participation in international football competitions.[\[326\]](../../page/6/#ref-326 "note 326")[\[327\]](../../page/6/#ref-327 "note 327")[569](../../569/ "tree and pragmatics") As a result, the [national football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_national_football_team) of Kosovo became eligible to compete in qualification rounds for major tournaments such as the [UEFA Nations League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Nations_League), the [European Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship) and the [FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup).[\[326\]](../../page/6/#ref-326 "note 326")[\[327\]](../../page/6/#ref-327 "note 327")[570](../../570/ "tree and pragmatics") The team's paramount achievement occurred during the [2018–19 edition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018–19_UEFA_Nations_League) of the UEFA Nations League, wherein they concluded the tournament atop their [League D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018–19_UEFA_Nations_League_D) group, maintaining an unbeaten record of four victories and two draws, thus securing promotion to a higher competitive tier.[\[328\]](../../page/6/#ref-328 "note 328")[571](../../571/ "tree and pragmatics") Several Kosovo-Albanian players have opted to represent various European nations, highlighting figures examples, including [Lorik Cana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorik_Cana) for [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_national_football_team) and [Adnan Januzaj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_Januzaj) for [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team).[572](../../572/ "tree and pragmatics") Furthermore, key contributions have come from players such as [Valon Behrami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valon_Behrami), [Xherdan Shaqiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xherdan_Shaqiri), and [Granit Xhaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granit_Xhaka).[\[328\]](../../page/6/#ref-328 "note 328")[573](../../573/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [List of Kosovo Albanians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kosovo_Albanians) [Outline of Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Kosovo) ### Sources - Cocozelli, Fred (2016). "[574](../../574/ "tree and pragmatics") [Ethnic Minorities and Politics in Post-Socialist Southeastern Europe](https://books.google.com/books?id=FpEwDQAAQBAJ)".[575](../../575/ "tree and pragmatics") Cambridge University Press.[576](../../576/ "tree and pragmatics") - Curta, Florin (2006). "[577](../../577/ "tree and pragmatics") [Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250](https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt)".[578](../../578/ "tree and pragmatics") Cambridge University Press.[579](../../579/ "tree and pragmatics") - Egleder, Julia (2013). "[580](../../580/ "tree and pragmatics") [Peace Through Peace Media?: The Media Activities of the International Missions (KFOR and UNMIK) and Their Contribution to Peacebuilding in Kosovo from 1999 till 2008](https://books.google.com/books?id=-UELTOTKxy0C&q=2004+riots+Kosovo+nationalism&pg=PA79)".[581](../../581/ "tree and pragmatics") LIT Verlag.[582](../../582/ "tree and pragmatics") - Elsie, Robert (2004). "[583](../../583/ "tree and pragmatics") Historical Dictionary of Kosova".[584](../../584/ "tree and pragmatics") Scarecrow Press.[585](../../585/ "tree and pragmatics") - Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). "[586](../../586/ "tree and pragmatics") [The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest](https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh0Bu8C66TsC)".[587](../../587/ "tree and pragmatics") [University of Michigan Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press).[588](../../588/ "tree and pragmatics") - Herscher, Andrew (2010). "[589](../../589/ "tree and pragmatics") [Violence taking place: The architecture of the Kosovo conflict](https://books.google.com/books?id=pnSvZzDS0RYC)".[590](../../590/ "tree and pragmatics") Stanford University Press.[591](../../591/ "tree and pragmatics") - Humphreys, Brendan (2013). "[592](../../592/ "tree and pragmatics") The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths".[593](../../593/ "tree and pragmatics") [University of Helsinki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki).[594](../../594/ "tree and pragmatics") - Lellio, Anna Di (2006). "[595](../../595/ "tree and pragmatics") [The case for Kosova: passage to independence](https://books.google.com/books?id=aNEW0jtOjK8C&pg=PP1)".[596](../../596/ "tree and pragmatics") Anthem Press.[597](../../597/ "tree and pragmatics") - Malcolm, Noel (1998). "[598](../../598/ "tree and pragmatics") [Kosovo: A Short History](https://archive.org/details/kosovo-a-short-history/page/52/mode/2up)".[599](../../599/ "tree and pragmatics") [Macmillan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers).[600](../../600/ "tree and pragmatics") - Malcolm, Noel (2020). "[601](../../601/ "tree and pragmatics") [Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the History of the Albanians](https://books.google.com/books?id=oevqDwAAQBAJ)".[602](../../602/ "tree and pragmatics") Oxford University Press.[603](../../603/ "tree and pragmatics") - Berisha, Milot (2012). "[604](../../604/ "tree and pragmatics") [Archaeological Guide of Kosovo](https://www.mkrs-ks.org/repository/docs/drafti_i_guides_-anglisht_final.pdf)".[605](../../605/ "tree and pragmatics") Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport : Archaeological Institute of Kosovo.[606](../../606/ "tree and pragmatics") - Papazoglu, Fanula (1978). "[607](../../607/ "tree and pragmatics") [The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians](https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ)".[608](../../608/ "tree and pragmatics") Hakkert.[609](../../609/ "tree and pragmatics") - Rausch, Colette; Banar, Elaine (2006). "[610](../../610/ "tree and pragmatics") [Combating serious crimes in postconflict societies: A handbook for policymakers and practitioners](https://books.google.com/books?id=_ekkugfne9MC&q=2004+riots+Kosovo+nationalism&pg=PA246)".[611](../../611/ "tree and pragmatics") US Institute of Peace Press.[612](../../612/ "tree and pragmatics") - Teichner, Felix (2015). "[613](../../613/ "tree and pragmatics") [Ulpiana - Iustiniana secunda (Kosovo): das urbane Zentrum des dardanischen Bergbaubezirks](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325366911)".[614](../../614/ "tree and pragmatics") Ephemeris Napocensis.[615](../../615/ "tree and pragmatics") ## External links [President of Kosovo](https://president-ksgov.net/) – [Prime Minister of Kosovo](https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/) – [Parliament of Kosovo](https://kuvendikosoves.org/) – [EULEX](https://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/) – [Kosovo](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/Kosovo/) at *[The World Factbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook)* by [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (CIA) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kosovo/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kosovo/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kosovo/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kosovo/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kosovo/page/5/) **6** ## References {#references} 1\. "[LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN KOSOVO](https://www.beinkosovo.com/languages-spoken-in-kosovo/)". 2\. "[Municipal language compliance in Kosovo](https://www.osce.org/kosovo/120010?download=true)". OSCE Minsk Group. 3\. Total – pg.32; Ethnic – pg.44; Religion – pg.46\*"[ReKos 2024](https://askapi.rks-gov.net/Custom/31bc24d2-45e4-4eb5-a567-405f4bdd197f.pdf)". *www.ask.rks-gov.net*. [Kosovo Agency of Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Agency_of_Statistics) (ASK). 19 December 2024. 4\. "[Kosovo profile](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18328859)". *BBC*. 28 Jun 2023. 5\. "[Water percentage in Kosovo (Facts about Kosovo; 2011 Agriculture Statistics)](http://ask.rks-gov.net/)". Kosovo Agency of Statistics, KAS. 6\. "[World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Kosovo)](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=967,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1)". *www.imf.org*. [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund). 22 October 2024. 7\. "[GINI index (World Bank estimate)–Kosovo](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=XK&name_desc=false)". [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank). 8\. "[Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab](https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/XKO/levels=1+4&years=2023&extrapolation=0)". 9\. "[Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo](http://old.kuvendikosoves.org/common/docs/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo_with_amend.I-XXV_2017.pdf)". 9 April 2008. 10\. "[Ligji Nr. 06/L-012 për Kryeqytetin e Republikës së Kosovës, Prishtinën](https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=16506)". Gazeta Zyrtare e Republikës së Kosovës. 6 June 2018. 11\. "[The euro outside the euro area](https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/euro/use-euro/euro-outside-euro-area_en)". *Economy and Finance*. European Commission. 12\. "[Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo](http://old.kuvendikosoves.org/common/docs/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo_with_amend.I-XXV_2017.pdf)". 9 April 2008. 13\. "[Përfundon periudha transitore: Nga sot, euro valuta e vetme për transaksione në Kosovë](https://telegrafi.com/perfundon-periudha-transitore-nga-sot-euro-valuta-e-vetme-per-transaksione-ne-kosove/)" \[The transitory period is over: from today euro is the only currency for transactions in Kosovo\]. *[Telegrafi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafi)*. 2024-05-12. 14\. /ˈkɒsəvəʊ/ *KOSS-ə-voh*; *Kosova* kɔˈsɔva; *Косово* kôsovo 15\. *Republika e Kosovës*; *Република Косово* 16\. "[Kosovo Guidebook](https://eca.state.gov/files/bureau/kosovo-guidebook.pdf)". *eca.state.gov*. 17\. "[Population and housing census in Kosovo preliminary results – July 2024](https://askapi.rks-gov.net/Custom/1d268e37-5934-4bd5-bbd1-34a9965cff92.pdf)". *rks-gov.net*. 18\. "[Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo](https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/141/141-20100722-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf)". [International Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice) (ICJ). 22 July 2010. 19\. Gvosdev, Nikolas K. (24 April 2013). "[Kosovo and Serbia Make a Deal](https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/kosovo/2013-04-24/kosovo-and-serbia-make-deal)". *Foreign Affairs*. 20\. "[Kosovo formally applies for EU membership](https://www.dw.com/en/kosovo-formally-applies-for-eu-membership/a-64110674)". *[Deutsche Welle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle)*. 21\. Judah, Tim (2008). "[Kosovo: What Everyone Needs to Know](https://books.google.com/books?id=UGwSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31)". Oxford University Press. 22\. "[The Geography of Serbia: Nature, People, Economy](https://books.google.com/books?id=BPJQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47)". Springer. 2021. 23\. J. Everett-Heath (1 August 2000). "[Place Names of the World – Europe: Historical Context, Meanings and Changes](https://books.google.com/books?id=uK2HDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA373)". Palgrave Macmillan UK. 24\. Dejan, Djokic. "[Whose Myth? Which Nation? The Serbian Kosovo Myth Revisited](https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/3455/1/Kosovomyth2.pdf)". *In Monnet, Pierre; Schneidmueller, Bernd (Eds.)*. 25\. "[Constitution of the Republic of Serbia](http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/eng/akta/ustav/ustav_ceo.asp)". Parlament.gov.rs. 26\. Drançolli, Jahja (2008). "[Illyrian-Albanian Continuity the Areal of Kosova](https://dspace.aab-edu.net/handle/123456789/4)". *Thesis Kosova*. 27\. Albanian Etymological Dictionary, V.Orel, Koninklijke Brill, Leiden Boston Köln 1998, p. 56 28\. "[Kosovo's Constitution of 2008 (with Amendments through 2016)](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Kosovo_2016.pdf)". 29\. "[Agreement on regional representation of Kosovo](http://www.b92.net/eng/insight/pressroom.php?yyyy=2012&mm=02&nav_id=78973)". B92. 25 February 2012. 30\. Schermer, Shirley J.; Shukriu, Edi; Deskaj, Sylvia (2011). "The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation". 31\. Berisha 2012, p. 17–18. 32\. Shukriu, Edi (2006). "[Spirals of the prehistoric open rock painting from Kosova](https://www.academia.edu/1787676)". *Proceedings of the XV World Congress of the International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences*. 33\. Wilkes, John (1996). "[The Illyrians](https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C)". Wiley. 34\. Papazoglu, Fanula (1978). "[The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians](https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ)". Hakkert. 35\. Errington, Robert Malcolm (1990). "[A History of Macedonia](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PYgkqP_s1PQC)". University of California Press. 36\. Hammond, N.G.L. (1988). "[A History of Macedonia: 336-167 B.C.](https://books.google.com/books?id=M9OIvQEACAAJ)". Clarendon Press. 37\. "[Starinar](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYxpAAAAMAAJ)". Arheološki institut. 1995. 38\. Roisman, Joseph (2010). "[A Companion to Ancient Macedonia](https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up)". Wiley-Blackwell. 39\. Teichner 2015, p. 81. 40\. Gassmann, Guntram; Körlin, Gabriele; Klein, Sabine (2011). "[Römischer Erzbergbau im Umfeld der antiken Stadt Ulpiana bei Pristina (Kosovo)](https://www.bergbaumuseum.de/fileadmin/files/zoo/uploads/publikationen/gassmann2011-kosovo.pdf)". *Der Anschnitt*. 41\. Hoxhaj, Enver (1999). "Die frühchristliche dardanische Stadt Ulpiana und ihr Verhältnis zu Rom". *Dardanica*. 42\. Berisha 2012, p. 70. 43\. Teichner 2015, p. 83. 44\. Harnack, Adolf (1998). "[The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries](https://books.google.com/books?id=FltKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1)". Wipf and Stock Publishers. 45\. Harnack 1998, p. 80. 46\. Çetinkaya, Halûk (2016). "To Excavate or not? Case of Discovery of an Early Christian Baptistery and Church at Ulpiana, Kosovo.". *Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art*. 47\. Curtis, Matthew Cowan (2012). "[Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence](http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338406907)". The Ohio State University. 48\. Prendergast, Eric (2017). "[The Origin and Spread of Locative Determiner Omission in the Balkan Linguistic Area](https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7nk454x6)". UC Berkeley. 49\. Kingsley, Thomas (2019). "[Albanian Onomastics Using Toponymic Correspondences to Understand the History of Albanian Settlement](https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/esploro/outputs/conferencePaper/Albanian-Onomastics-Using-Toponymic-Correspondences-to/9949423226902959?institution=01GALI_UGA)". 50\. Malcolm 1998, p. 23-30. 51\. See van Wijk, 'Taalkunde gegevens'; quotation from p. 71. The modern dialect of Serbo-Croat which borders Macedonian and Bulgarian territory, the 'Timok-Prizren' dialect, does have some transitional features; but research has shown that it picked them up only after the medieval expansion of the Serbian state into Kosovo and the Morava valley, which brought its speakers into closer contact with Bulgarian (ibid., pp. 62, 71) 52\. Vermeer, Williem (1992). "[The Disintegration of Yugoslavia](https://books.google.com/books?id=jfWpy1D3StAC&pg=PA107)". Rodopi. 53\. McGeer, Eric (2019). "[Byzantium in the Time of Troubles: The Continuation of the Chronicle of John Skylitzes (1057–1079)](https://books.google.com/books?id=CmjIDwAAQBAJ)". BRILL. 54\. Prinzing, Günter (2008). "[Demetrii Chomateni Ponemata diaphora: \[Das Aktencorpus des Ohrider Erzbischofs Demetrios. Einleitung, kritischer Text und Indices\]](https://books.google.com/books?id=vllZG5zOxmMC)". Walter de Gruyter. 55\. Ducellier, Alain (1999-10-21). "[The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5, c.1198-c.1300](https://books.google.com/books?id=bclfdU_2lesC&pg=PA781)". Cambridge University Press. 56\. Sharpe, M. E. (2003). "[Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe](https://books.google.com/books?id=jLfX1q3kJzgC)". M.E. Sharpe. 57\. Denis P Hupchik. The Balkans. From Constantinople to Communism. p. 93 "Dusan.. established his new state primate's seat at Peć (Ipek), in Kosovo" 58\. Bieber, p. 12 59\. "RFE/RL Research Report: Weekly Analyses from the RFE/RL Research Institute, Том 3". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 60\. Sellers, Mortimer (2010). "[The Rule of Law in Comparative Perspective](https://books.google.com/books?id=9Rx7_KyUp7cC&pg=PA207)". Springer. 61\. Iseni, Bashkim (25 January 2008). "La question nationale en Europe du Sud-Est : genèse, émergence et développement de l'indentité nationale albanaise au Kosovo et en Macédoine". P. Lang. 62\. Malcolm 1998, p. 54. 63\. Wilkinson, H. R. (1955). "Jugoslav Kosmet: The Evolution of a Frontier Province and Its Landscape". *Transactions and Papers*. Institute of British Geographers. 64\. "[Medieval Monuments in Kosovo](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/724)". [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO). 65\. Barbara Jelavich (1983). "[History of the Balkans](https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela)". Cambridge University Press. 66\. "[Essays: 'The battle of Kosovo' by Noel Malcolm, Prospect Magazine May 1998 issue 30](http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/thebattleofkosovo/#axzz3eyNaDTl6)". Prospect-magazine.co.uk. 67\. Humphreys 2013, p. 46 68\. Somel, S.A. (2010). "[The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire](https://books.google.com/books?id=UU8iCY0OZmcC&pg=PA36)". Scarecrow Press. 69\. Fine 1994, p. 409–415 70\. Cohen, Paul A. (2014). "[History and Popular Memory: The Power of Story in Moments of Crisis](https://books.google.com/books?id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8)". Columbia University Press. 71\. Ancsombe, Frederic F. (December 2006). "The Ottoman Empire in Recent International Politics - II: The Case of Kosovo". *The International History Review*. 72\. Malcolm 2020, p. 134. 73\. Malcolm 2020, p. 135. 74\. Lampe, John R.; Lampe, Professor John R. (2000). "[Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country](https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ1x7gvwx_8C&q=A&pg=PA27)". Cambridge University Press. 75\. Malcolm 1998, p. 161-162. 76\. *Kosovo: What Everyone Needs to Know* by Tim Judah, Publisher [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press), US, 2008 ISBN 0-19-537673-0 p. 36 77\. Cirkovic. p. 244. 78\. George Gawlrych, *The Crescent and the Eagle,* (Palgrave/Macmillan, London, 2006), ISBN 1-84511-287-3 79\. Frantz, Eva Anne (2009). "Violence and its Impact on Loyalty and Identity Formation in Late Ottoman Kosovo: Muslims and Christians in a Period of Reform and Transformation". *Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs*. 80\. Müller, Dietmar (2009). "Orientalism and Nation: Jews and Muslims as Alterity in Southeastern Europe in the Age of Nation-States, 1878–1941". *East Central Europe*. 81\. Pllana, Emin (1985). "Les raisons de la manière de l'exode des refugies albanais du territoire du sandjak de Nish a Kosove (1878–1878) \[The reasons for the manner of the exodus of Albanian refugees from the territory of the Sanjak of Niš to Kosovo (1878–1878)\] ". *Studia Albanica*. **1**: 189–190. 82\. Rizaj, Skënder (1980). "[Nëntë dokumente angleze mbi Lidhjen Shqiptare të Prizrenit (1878–1880)](https://www.albanica.al/gjurmealbanlogjike/article/view/8003)" \[Nine English documents about the League of Prizren (1878–1880)\]. *Gjurmime Albanologjike*. 83\. Şimşir, Bilal N, (1968). *Rumeli'den Türk göçleri. Emigrations turques des Balkans \[Turkish emigrations from the Balkans\]*. Vol I. Belgeler-Documents. p. 737. 84\. Bataković, Dušan (1992). "[The Kosovo Chronicles](http://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/kosovo_chronicles/kc_part2b.html)". Plato. 85\. Elsie, Robert (2010). "Historical Dictionary of Kosovo". Scarecrow Press. 86\. Stefanović, Djordje (July 2005). 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"[The speech of Prime Minister Kurti at the General Assembly of the International Committee of the Mediterranean Games, where our country's candidacy for the organization of the 2030 Mediterranean Games is being considered](https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/en/blog/the-speech-of-prime-minister-kurti-at-the-general-assembly-of-the-international-committee-of-the-mediterranean-games-where-our-countrys-candidacy-for-the-organization-of-the-2030-mediterranean-game/)". [Prime Minister Office (Kosovo)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo). 8 September 2023. 322\. "[Only Olympic medal: Majlinda Kelmendi gives Kosovo a reason to dream](https://olympics.com/en/news/only-olympic-medal-majlinda-kelmendi-gives-kosovo-a-reason-to-dream)". International Olympic Committee (IOC). 5 May 2020. 323\. "[How a small gym made Kosovo a judo powerhouse](https://www.europeancorrespondent.com/r/how-a-small-gym-made-kosovo-a-judo-powerhouse)". European Correspondent. 324\. 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