--- title: Kyiv — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 5 description: Wikipedia's «Kyiv», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Kyiv, also spelt Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/page/5/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Kyiv # Kyiv · page 5 From Wikipedia, [«Kyiv»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/page/4/) **5** ## Infrastructure ### Transportation Main article: [Transport in Kyiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Kyiv) #### Local public transport Local public transportation in Kyiv includes the Metro, buses and [minibuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshrutka), [trolleybuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus), [trams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram), [taxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab) and [funicular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Funicular).[367](../../367/ "tree and pragmatics") There is also an [intra-city ring railway service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Urban_Electric_Train).[368](../../368/ "tree and pragmatics") The publicly owned and operated [Kyiv Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Metro) is the fastest, the most convenient and affordable network that covers most, but not all, of the city.[369](../../369/ "tree and pragmatics") The Metro is expanding towards the city limits to meet growing demand, having three lines with a total length of 66.1 km and 51 stations (some of which are renowned architectural landmarks).[370](../../370/ "tree and pragmatics") The Metro carries around 1.422 million passengers daily[\[147\]](../../page/5/#ref-147 "note 147") accounting for 38% of the Kyiv's public transport load.[371](../../371/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2011, the total number of trips exceeded 519 million.[372](../../372/ "tree and pragmatics") The [historic tram system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Kyiv) was the first electric tramway in the former Russian Empire and the third one in Europe after the [Berlin Straßembahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Berlin) and the [Budapest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest) [corpus](../../../Budapest/ "in our corpus") tramway.[373](../../373/ "tree and pragmatics") The tram system consists of 139.9 km of track,[\[148\]](../../page/5/#ref-148 "note 148") including 14 km two [Rapid Tram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Light_Rail) lines, served by 21 routes with the use of 523 tram cars.[374](../../374/ "tree and pragmatics") Once a well maintained and widely used method of transport, the system is now gradually being phased out in favor of buses and trolleybuses.[375](../../375/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Kyiv Funicular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Funicular) was constructed during 1902–1905.[376](../../376/ "tree and pragmatics") It connects the historic [Uppertown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kyiv), and the lower commercial neighborhood of [Podil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podil) through the steep Saint Volodymyr Hill overseeing the Dnieper River.[377](../../377/ "tree and pragmatics") The line consists of two stations.[378](../../378/ "tree and pragmatics") All public road transport (except for some minibuses) is operated by the united [Kyivpastrans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyivpastrans) municipal company.[379](../../379/ "tree and pragmatics") It is heavily subsidized by the city.[380](../../380/ "tree and pragmatics") The Kyiv public transport system, except for taxi, uses a simple [flat rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_rate) tariff system regardless of distance traveled: tickets or tokens must be purchased each time a vehicle is boarded.[381](../../381/ "tree and pragmatics") [Digital ticket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_ticket) system is already established in Kyiv Metro, with plans for other transport modes.[382](../../382/ "tree and pragmatics") The cost of one ride is far lower than in Western Europe.[383](../../383/ "tree and pragmatics") The taxi market in Kyiv is expansive but not regulated.[384](../../384/ "tree and pragmatics") In particular, the taxi fare per kilometer is not regulated.[385](../../385/ "tree and pragmatics") There is a fierce competition between private taxi companies.[386](../../386/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Roads and bridges Kyiv represents the focal point of Ukraine's "national roads" system, thus linked by road to all cities of the country.[387](../../387/ "tree and pragmatics") [European routes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_E-road_network), and intersect in Kyiv.[388](../../388/ "tree and pragmatics") There are [eight Dnieper bridges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridges_in_Kyiv) and dozens of [grade-separated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_separation) intersections in the city.[389](../../389/ "tree and pragmatics") Several new intersections are under construction.[390](../../390/ "tree and pragmatics") There are plans to build a full-size, fully grade-separated [ring road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_road) around Kyiv.[\[149\]](../../page/5/#ref-149 "note 149")[\[150\]](../../page/5/#ref-150 "note 150")[\[151\]](../../page/5/#ref-151 "note 151")[391](../../391/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2009, Kyiv's roads were in poor technical condition and maintained inadequately.[\[152\]](../../page/5/#ref-152 "note 152")[392](../../392/ "tree and pragmatics") [Traffic jams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion) and lack of parking space are growing problems for all road transport services in Kyiv.[393](../../393/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Air transport Kyiv is served by two international passenger airports: the [Boryspil Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boryspil_International_Airport) 30 km away, and the smaller, municipally owned [Zhuliany Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_International_Airport_%28Zhuliany%29) on the southern outskirts of the city.[394](../../394/ "tree and pragmatics") There are also the [Hostomel cargo airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostomel_Airport) and additional three operating [airfields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfield) facilitating the [Antonov aircraft manufacturing company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov) and [general aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation).[395](../../395/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Railways Railways are Kyiv's main mode of intracity- and suburban transportation.[396](../../396/ "tree and pragmatics") The city has a developed railroad infrastructure including a long-distance passenger station, 6 cargo stations, depots, and repairing facilities.[397](../../397/ "tree and pragmatics") However, this system still fails to meet the demand for passenger service.[398](../../398/ "tree and pragmatics") Particularly, the [Kyiv-Pasazhyrskyi railway station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv-Pasazhyrskyi_railway_station) is the city's only long-distance passenger terminal (vokzal).[399](../../399/ "tree and pragmatics") Construction is underway for turning the large [Darnytsia railway station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darnytsia_railway_station) on the left-bank part of Kyiv into a long-distance passenger hub, which may ease traffic at the central station.[\[153\]](../../page/5/#ref-153 "note 153")[400](../../400/ "tree and pragmatics") [Bridges over the Dnieper River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridges_in_Kyiv) are another problem restricting the development of city's railway system.[401](../../401/ "tree and pragmatics") Presently, only one rail bridge out of two is available for intense train traffic.[402](../../402/ "tree and pragmatics") A new combined rail-auto bridge is under construction, as a part of Darnytsia project.[403](../../403/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2011, the Kyiv city administration established the new [Urban Train](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Urban_Electric_Train) for Kyiv.[404](../../404/ "tree and pragmatics") This service runs at standard 4- to 10-minute intervals throughout the day and follows a circular route around the city centre, which allows it to serve many of Kyiv's inner suburbs.[405](../../405/ "tree and pragmatics") Interchanges between the Kyiv Metro and Fast Tram exist at many of the urban train's station stops.[\[154\]](../../page/5/#ref-154 "note 154")[406](../../406/ "tree and pragmatics") Suburban 'Kyiv City Express' trains (colloquially known as [elektrychka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrichka)) are serviced by the publicly owned [Ukrainian Railways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Railways).[407](../../407/ "tree and pragmatics") The suburban train service is fast, and unbeatably safe in terms of traffic accidents.[408](../../408/ "tree and pragmatics") But the trains are not reliable, as they may fall significantly behind schedule, may not be safe in terms of crime, and the elektrychka cars are poorly maintained and overcrowded in [rush hours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_hour).[409](../../409/ "tree and pragmatics") There are nine elektrychka directions from Kyiv:[\[155\]](../../page/5/#ref-155 "note 155")[410](../../410/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Bila Tserkva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bila_Tserkva) – [Uzyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzyn)[411](../../411/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Fastiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastiv)[412](../../412/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Klavdiievo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavdiievo-Tarasove)[413](../../413/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Myronivka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myronivka) – [Bohuslav](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav)[414](../../414/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Nizhyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhyn)[415](../../415/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ukrainka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainka,_Kyiv_Oblast)[416](../../416/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Vasylkiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasylkiv)[417](../../417/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Vyshhorod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyshhorod)[418](../../418/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Yahotyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahotyn)[419](../../419/ "tree and pragmatics") More than a dozen of elektrychka stops are within the city allowing residents of different neighborhoods to use the suburban trains.[420](../../420/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Energy [DTEK Kyiv Electric Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTEK_Kyiv_Electric_Networks) (formerly Kyivenergo) is the electric power [distribution network operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_network_operator) for Kyiv, owned by oligarch [Rinat Akhmetov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinat_Akhmetov). as of 2021 it had:[\[156\]](../../page/5/#ref-156 "note 156")[421](../../421/ "tree and pragmatics") - 12,038 km of power transmission lines with a voltage of 0.4–110 kV[422](../../422/ "tree and pragmatics") - 64 [substations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation) with a voltage of 35–110 kV[423](../../423/ "tree and pragmatics") - 243 [switchgears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchgear) and 3728 [transformer substations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_substation) at 10 kV[424](../../424/ "tree and pragmatics") [Kyivteploenergo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyivteploenergo) operates a centralized heating system, which provides heating and hot water to customers through a network of pipes that distribute hot water from centralized heating plants to buildings throughout the city.[425](../../425/ "tree and pragmatics") It operates a 2700 km network, two of the largest [combined heat and power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogeneration) plants in Ukraine CHP-5 and CHP-6, as well as the only [waste incineration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_incineration) plant [Energia (plant)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_%28plant%29) operating in Ukraine.[426](../../426/ "tree and pragmatics") In line with the EU [Third Energy Package](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Energy_Package), since 2019 state energy policy abandoned the [Rotterdam plus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam_plus) system and has required transmission system operator (TSO) and regional utilities unbundling in order to separate electricity distribution and retail electricity supply.[\[157\]](../../page/5/#ref-157 "note 157")[427](../../427/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Water and sanitation The national government has delegated responsibility for water and sanitation services to local authorities.[\[158\]](../../page/5/#ref-158 "note 158")[428](../../428/ "tree and pragmatics") [Kyivvodokanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyivvodokanal) is a [private joint-stock company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock_company#Ukraine) that provides such services to Kyiv.[429](../../429/ "tree and pragmatics") The length of water supply networks is 4231 km, of which 1798 km are dilapidated.[430](../../430/ "tree and pragmatics") The length of sewage networks is 2662 km, of which 830 km are dilapidated.[431](../../431/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Twin towns – sister cities See also: [List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Ukraine) Kyiv is [twinned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city) with:[\[159\]](../../page/5/#ref-159 "note 159")[432](../../432/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ankara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara) [corpus](../../../Ankara/ "in our corpus"), Turkey (1993)[433](../../433/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ashgabat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat) [corpus](../../../Ashgabat/ "in our corpus"), Turkmenistan (2001)[434](../../434/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Astana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana) [corpus](../../../Astana/ "in our corpus"), Kazakhstan (1998)[435](../../435/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Athens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens) [corpus](../../../Athens/ "in our corpus"), Greece (1996)[436](../../436/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Baku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku) [corpus](../../../Baku/ "in our corpus"), Azerbaijan (1997)[437](../../437/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) [corpus](../../../Beijing/ "in our corpus"), China (1993)[438](../../438/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin) [corpus](../../../Berlin/ "in our corpus"), Germany (2023)[\[160\]](../../page/5/#ref-160 "note 160")[439](../../439/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Bishkek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek) [corpus](../../../Bishkek/ "in our corpus"), Kyrgyzstan (1997)[440](../../440/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Brasília](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasília) [corpus](../../../Brasília/ "in our corpus"), Brazil (2000)[441](../../441/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Bratislava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava) [corpus](../../../Bratislava/ "in our corpus"), Slovakia (1969)[442](../../442/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels), Belgium (1997)[443](../../443/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Bucharest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest) [corpus](../../../Bucharest/ "in our corpus"), Romania (2022)[\[161\]](../../page/5/#ref-161 "note 161")[444](../../444/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Buenos Aires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires) [corpus](../../../Buenos_Aires/ "in our corpus"), Argentina (2000)[445](../../445/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago), United States (1991)[446](../../446/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Chișinău](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chișinău) [corpus](../../../Chișinău/ "in our corpus"), Moldova (1993)[447](../../447/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Copenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen) [corpus](../../../Copenhagen/ "in our corpus"), Denmark (2023)[\[162\]](../../page/5/#ref-162 "note 162")[448](../../448/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Edinburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh), Scotland (1989)[449](../../449/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Florence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence), Italy (1967)[450](../../450/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Jakarta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta) [corpus](../../../Jakarta/ "in our corpus"), Indonesia (2005)[451](../../451/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kraków](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraków), Poland (1993)[452](../../452/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kyoto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto), Japan (1971)[453](../../453/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Leipzig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig), Germany (1956)[454](../../454/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima) [corpus](../../../Lima/ "in our corpus"), Peru (2005)[455](../../455/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mexico City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City) [corpus](../../../Mexico_City/ "in our corpus"), Mexico (1997)[456](../../456/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Munich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich), Germany (1989)[457](../../457/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Odense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odense_Municipality), Denmark (1989)[458](../../458/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Osh Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osh_Region), Kyrgyzstan (2002)[459](../../459/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Pretoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria) [corpus](../../../Pretoria/ "in our corpus"), South Africa (1993)[460](../../460/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Riga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga) [corpus](../../../Riga/ "in our corpus"), Latvia (1998)[461](../../461/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Rio de Janeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro), Brazil (2000)[462](../../462/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Santiago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago) [corpus](../../../Santiago/ "in our corpus"), Chile (1998)[463](../../463/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Sofia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia) [corpus](../../../Sofia/ "in our corpus"), Bulgaria (1997)[464](../../464/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Suzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou), China (2005)[465](../../465/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Tallinn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn) [corpus](../../../Tallinn/ "in our corpus"), Estonia (1994)[466](../../466/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Tampere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere), Finland (1954)[467](../../467/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Tashkent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent) [corpus](../../../Tashkent/ "in our corpus"), Uzbekistan (1998)[468](../../468/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Tbilisi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi) [corpus](../../../Tbilisi/ "in our corpus"), Georgia (1999)[469](../../469/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Toulouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse), France (1975)[470](../../470/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Vilnius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius) [corpus](../../../Vilnius/ "in our corpus"), Lithuania (1991)[471](../../471/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw) [corpus](../../../Warsaw/ "in our corpus"), Poland (1994)[472](../../472/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan), China (1990)[473](../../473/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Other cooperation agreements - [Belgrade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade) [corpus](../../../Belgrade/ "in our corpus"), Serbia (2002)[474](../../474/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Helsinki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki) [corpus](../../../Helsinki/ "in our corpus"), Finland[475](../../475/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Jerusalem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem) [corpus](../../../Jerusalem/ "in our corpus"), Israel (2000)[476](../../476/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon) [corpus](../../../Lisbon/ "in our corpus"), Portugal[477](../../477/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris) [corpus](../../../Paris/ "in our corpus"), France[478](../../478/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome) [corpus](../../../Rome/ "in our corpus"), Italy[479](../../479/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Stockholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm) [corpus](../../../Stockholm/ "in our corpus"), Sweden[480](../../480/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto), Canada (1991)[481](../../481/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Tripoli, Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya) [corpus](../../../Tripoli,_Libya/ "in our corpus") (2001)[482](../../482/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Vienna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna) [corpus](../../../Vienna/ "in our corpus"), Austria[483](../../483/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Yerevan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan) [corpus](../../../Yerevan/ "in our corpus"), Armenia (1995)[484](../../484/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Notable people See also: [:Category:People from Kyiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:Category:People_from_Kyiv) ### Born in Kyiv #### Arts, literature, and entertainment - [Iryna Bilyk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iryna_Bilyk) (born 1970), Ukrainian singer[485](../../485/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Leonid Bronevoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Bronevoy) (1928–2017), Soviet and Russian actor[486](../../486/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mikhail Bulgakov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov) (1891–1940), Soviet writer, medical doctor and playwright[487](../../487/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Eugenia Chuprina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Chuprina) (born 1971), poet, novelist, writer and playwright[488](../../488/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Maya Deren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Deren) (1917–1961), filmmaker[489](../../489/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Maryna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryna_and_Serhiy_Dyachenko) (born 1968) and [Serhiy Dyachenko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryna_and_Serhiy_Dyachenko) (1945–2022), [fantasy fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_fiction) authors[490](../../490/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ilya Ehrenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ehrenburg) (1891–1967), Soviet writer, journalist, translator and cultural figure[491](../../491/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Zuzanna Ginczanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzanna_Ginczanka) (1917–1945), Polish poet of Jewish ethnicity[492](../../492/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Reinhold Glière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Glière) (1875–1956), composer[493](../../493/ "tree and pragmatics") - [André Grabar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Grabar) (1896–1990), historian of [Romanesque art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_art) and the art of the [Eastern Roman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire) and the Bulgarian Empire[494](../../494/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Selma Gubin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_Gubin) (1903–1974), American artist[495](../../495/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Olha Haidamaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olha_Haidamaka) (born 1990), Ukrainian artist[496](../../496/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Milton Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Horn) (1906–1995), American sculptor[497](../../497/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Vladimir Horowitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz) (1903–1989), American classical pianist[498](../../498/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ivan Hryhorovych Barsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Grigorovich-Barsky) (1713–1791), [Ukrainian Baroque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque) architect[499](../../499/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Vasyl Hryhorovych-Barsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Grigorovich-Barsky) (1700–1747), monk and [travelogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_literature) author[500](../../500/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Viktor Ivanov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Ivanov_%28film_director%29) (1909–1981), Soviet film director[501](../../501/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Milla Jovovich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milla_Jovovich) (born 1975), American actress[502](../../502/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Irina Karnaoukhova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Karnaoukhova) (1901–1959), Ukrainian-Russian children's writer and folklorist[503](../../503/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Sonya Koshkina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonya_Koshkina) (born 1985), Ukrainian journalist, editor-in-chief[504](../../504/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kateryna Kukhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateryna_Kukhar) (born 1982), prima ballerina[505](../../505/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Danylo Knyshuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danylo_Knyshuk) (born 1978), Ukrainian sculptor[506](../../506/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Viacheslav Kryshtofovych](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacheslav_Kryshtofovych) (1947–2025), Ukrainian film director and actor[507](../../507/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ana Layevska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Layevska) (born 1982), Ukrainian-Mexican actress[508](../../508/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Boris Levit-Broun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Levit-Broun) (born 1950), Russian poet, writer, and artist[509](../../509/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Serge Lifar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Lifar) (1905–1986), ballet dancer[510](../../510/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kazimir Malevich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich) (1879–1935), pioneer of [geometric abstract art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_abstract_art) and the originator of the avant-garde [Suprematist movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprematism)[511](../../511/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Natalya Marchenkova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalya_Marchenkova) (born 1948), animator and animation director, born in Kyiv[\[163\]](../../page/5/#ref-163 "note 163")[512](../../512/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Natalia Matsak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Matsak) (born 1982), ballet dancer[513](../../513/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Galyna Moskvitina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galyna_Moskvitina) (born 1963), painter[514](../../514/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Viktor Nekrasov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Nekrasov) (1911–1987), Soviet writer and [dissident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_dissidents)[515](../../515/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Nikolay Nosov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Nosov) (1908–1976), Soviet writer[516](../../516/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ivan Putrov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Putrov) (born 1980), dancer, former Principal with [The Royal Ballet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Ballet) in London[517](../../517/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Maksym Petrenko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksym_Petrenko) (1983–2022), Ukrainian writer, scientist, inventor, educator, soldier[518](../../518/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Les Podervianskyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Podervianskyi) (born 1952), [underground](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_culture) author and artist[519](../../519/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Dmitry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Pokrass) (1899–1978) and [Samuel Pokrass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pokrass) (1893–1939), composers[520](../../520/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Vitaly Portnikov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Portnikov) (born 1967), Ukrainian journalist and publicist[521](../../521/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Yudif Grigorevna Rozhavskaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudif_Grigorevna_Rozhavskaya) (1923–1982), composer and pianist[522](../../522/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Yuriy Rybchynskyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy_Rybchynskyi) (born 1945), poet and playwright[523](../../523/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ivanna Sakhno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanna_Sakhno) (born 1997), actress[524](../../524/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Natalya Semenchenko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalya_Semenchenko) (born 1976), professor, writer, and publicist[525](../../525/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ihor Shamo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihor_Shamo) (1925–1982), Ukrainian composer of the Soviet era[526](../../526/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Yuriy Shcherbak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy_Shcherbak) (born 1934), Ukrainian author[527](../../527/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Lev Shestov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Shestov) (1866–1938), Russian [existentialist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism) philosopher[528](../../528/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Oksana Shvets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksana_Shvets) (1955–2022), Ukrainian actress[529](../../529/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kostiantyn Stohniy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostiantyn_Stohnyi) (born 1968), journalist[530](../../530/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Alexander Vertinsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Vertinsky) (1889–1957), singer, composer, poet, cabaret artist and actor[531](../../531/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Artemy Vedel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemy_Vedel) (1767–1808), composer[532](../../532/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Sergei Udovik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Udovik) (born 1956), publisher, photographer and writer[533](../../533/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ludmila Anatolievna Yaroshevskaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludmila_Anatolievna_Yaroshevskaya) (1906–1975), composer[534](../../534/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mariia Yunak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariia_Yunak) (1902–1977), Ukrainian artist[535](../../535/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Science and technology - [Jan Koum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Koum) (born 1976), American computer programmer, CEO and co-founder of [WhatsApp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp)[536](../../536/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Viktor Kaspruk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kaspruk) (born 1955), political scientist[537](../../537/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Alexander Ostrowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ostrowski) (1893–1986), mathematician[538](../../538/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Borys Paton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borys_Paton) (1918–2020), scientist, chairman of the [National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine)[539](../../539/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Tetiana Podchasova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetiana_Podchasova) (born 1940), Ukrainian economist-cyberneticist, computer scientist[540](../../540/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Igor Sikorsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky) (1889–1972), Russian-American aviation pioneer[541](../../541/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Svetlana Zaginaichenko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Zaginaichenko) (1957–2015), physicist[542](../../542/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Politics - [Golda Meir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golda_Meir) (1898–1978), Israeli politician, the fourth [Prime Minister of Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel)[543](../../543/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Henry P. Melnikow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_P._Melnikow), economic consultant to unions involved in labor[544](../../544/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Eugene Vindman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Vindman) (born 1975), [U.S. representative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives) for [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia)[\[164\]](../../page/5/#ref-164 "note 164")[545](../../545/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Religion - [Mikhail Morgulis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Morgulis) (1941–2021), Russian-language writer, editor and theologian[546](../../546/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Theophan Prokopovich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophan_Prokopovich) (1681–1736), theologian, poet, mathematician and philosopher[\[165\]](../../page/5/#ref-165 "note 165")[547](../../547/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Military - [Eugeniusz Horbaczewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugeniusz_Horbaczewski) (1917–1944), Polish fighter pilot[548](../../548/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Yuliia "Taira" Paievska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuliia_Paievska) (born 1968), Ukrainian medic[549](../../549/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Sport - [Oleg Blokhin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Blokhin) (born 1952), Ukrainian football player[550](../../550/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Oleg Ladik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Ladik) (born 1971), Ukrainian-born Canadian Olympic wrestler[551](../../551/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Valeriy Lobanovskyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriy_Lobanovskyi) (1939–2002), Soviet and Ukrainian football coach[552](../../552/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Oleksandr Saliuk Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandr_Saliuk_Jr.) (born 1978), Ukrainian rally driver[553](../../553/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Igor Slyusar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Slyusar) (born 1989), Ukrainian professional ice hockey player[554](../../554/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Igor Skuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Skuz) (born 1976), Ukrainian racing driver[555](../../555/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Other - [Semyon Mogilevich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Mogilevich) (born 1946), international [organized crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime) boss[556](../../556/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Lived in Kyiv - [Nikolai Amosov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Amosov) (1913–2002), Soviet and Ukrainian heart surgeon and inventor[557](../../557/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Nikolai Berdyaev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev) (1874–1948), Russian Orthodox religious and political philosopher[558](../../558/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Daniel the Traveller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_the_Traveller), 12th-century travel writer from the [Kievan Rus'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27)[\[166\]](../../page/5/#ref-166 "note 166")[559](../../559/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Zino Davidoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zino_Davidoff) (1906–1994), Swiss premium tobacco manufacturer; known as "King of Cigars"[560](../../560/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Dmytro Hnatiuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Hnatiuk) (1925–2016), Ukrainian singer[561](../../561/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Vikentiy Khvoyka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikentiy_Khvoyka) (1850–1914), archaeologist[562](../../562/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Volodymyr Klychko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Klychko) (born 1976), Ukrainian boxer[563](../../563/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Jonathan Markovitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Markovitch) (born 1967), Chief Rabbi of Kyiv[564](../../564/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Petro Mohyla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_Mohyla) (1596–1647), [Metropolitan bishop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop) of Kyiv from 1633[565](../../565/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Moses of Kiev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_of_Kiev), 12th century Talmudist[566](../../566/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Andriy Shevchenko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriy_Shevchenko) (born 1976), Ukrainian footballer[567](../../567/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Honour - [Kyiv Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Peninsula) in [Graham Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Land), [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica), is named after the city of Kyiv.[\[167\]](../../page/5/#ref-167 "note 167")[568](../../568/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [List of national landmarks of cultural heritage in Kyiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_landmarks_of_cultural_heritage_in_Kyiv) [List of crossings of the Dnieper River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Dnieper_River) [List of universities, colleges, and research institutions in Kyiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities,_colleges,_and_research_institutions_in_Kyiv) [Yehupetz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehupetz) ## Sources - Bilous, Natalia Oleksijivna (2008). "[569](../../569/ "tree and pragmatics") Київ наприкінці XIV — у першій половині XVII століття.[570](../../570/ "tree and pragmatics") Міська влада і самоврядування" \[Kyiv at the end of the 14th century — first half of the 17th century.[571](../../571/ "tree and pragmatics") City authorities and self-government.\].[572](../../572/ "tree and pragmatics") Publishing House Kyiv-Mohyla Academy.[573](../../573/ "tree and pragmatics") - Hamm, Michael F.[574](../../574/ "tree and pragmatics") (1993). "[575](../../575/ "tree and pragmatics") Kiev.[576](../../576/ "tree and pragmatics") A portrait, 1800–1917".[577](../../577/ "tree and pragmatics") - Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). "[578](../../578/ "tree and pragmatics") [A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples](https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC&pg=PT481)".[579](../../579/ "tree and pragmatics") University of Toronto Press.[580](../../580/ "tree and pragmatics") - Martin, Janet (2007). "[581](../../581/ "tree and pragmatics") Medieval Russia: 980–1584.[582](../../582/ "tree and pragmatics") Second Edition.[583](../../583/ "tree and pragmatics") E-book".[584](../../584/ "tree and pragmatics") Cambridge University Press.[585](../../585/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Further reading Brutzkus, J. (1944). "The Khazar Origin of Ancient Kiev". *Slavonic and East European Review. American Series*. Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas. [Kyiv: An Encyclopedic Handbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv:_An_Encyclopedic_Handbook)* (1981). Kyiv. (in Ukrainian). Kudrytskyi, Anatolii Viktorovych; Ponomarenko, Lidiya Antonivna; Riznyk, Oleksandr (1995). "Вулиці Києва. Довідник." \[[Streets of Kyiv: a handbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_Kyiv:_a_handbook)\]. Ukrainska Entsyklopediia Imeni M.P. Bazhana. ## External links [Київська міська державна адміністрація](https://kyivcity.gov.ua/) – official web portal of the [Kyiv City State Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_City_State_Administration) [Kyiv—Official Tourist Guide](https://web.archive.org/web/20181116183554/https://visitkyiv.travel/en/) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/page/4/) **5** ## References {#references} 1\. Oksana Lyachynska (31 May 2012). "[Kyiv's 1,530th birthday marked with fun, protest](http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/about-kyiv/kyivs-1530th-birthday-marked-with-fun-protest-1-128618.html)". *Kyiv Post*. 2\. [Vitali Klitschko sworn in as mayor of Kyiv](https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/208052.html) , [Interfax-Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine) (5 June 2014) 3\. [Poroshenko appoints Klitschko head of Kyiv city administration – decree](http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/210904.html) , [Interfax-Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine) (25 June 2014); [Poroshenko orders Klitschko to bring title of best European capital back to Kyiv](http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/210980.html) , [Interfax-Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine) (25 June 2014) 4\. "[Зеленський звільнив голову КМВА Ткаченка](https://hromadske.ua/personaliyi/267773-zelenskyy-zvilnyv-tkachenka-z-posady-holovy-kmva)". 2026-07-16. 5\. "[Number of present population of Ukraine 1 January 2022](https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf)". UkrStat.gov.ua. 1 January 2022. 6\. "[Major Agglomerations of the World](http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html)". Citypopulation.de. 1 January 2021. 7\. "[ВАЛОВИЙ РЕГІОНАЛЬНИЙ ПРОДУКТ У 2021 РОЦІ](https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2023/05/zb_vrp_2021.xlsx&ved=2ahUKEwjY1N_wjK-AAxVL8LsIHfbyBoIQFnoECBEQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3p1PStO6ejpZRSYd9Ix41p)". *ukrstat.gov.ua*. 8\. See for alternative spellings and pronunciations. 9\. "[City Mayors: The 500 largest European cities (1 to 100)](http://www.citymayors.com/features/euro_cities1.html)". *www.citymayors.com*. 10\. "[Kiev](http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/kiev)". *TheFreeDictionary.com*. 11\. Preston, Rich. "And here's what the BBC Pronunciation Unit advises. We changed our pronunciation and spelling of Kiev to Kyiv in 2019.". 12\. (no text) 13\. "[Kyjiw](https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Kyjiw)". *[Duden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duden)*. 14\. [pre-1918 spelling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography): Кіевъ 15\. [pre-1918 spelling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography): Кій 16\. "kyjevъ/\*kyjevo". Nauka. 1987. 17\. Rudnyc'kyj, Jaroslav Bohdan (1962–1982). An etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language. 2., rev. ed. Winnipeg: Ukrainian free acad. of sciences, pp. 660–663. 18\. "[Kiev](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kiev)". *Collins English Dictionary*. HarperCollins. The entry is the same as the print edition of "Collins Dictionary of English". HarperCollins. 2018. It includes the note "*Ukrainian name*: Kyiv". For American English, the website also includes the definition from "Webster's New World College Dictionary". Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. In the 2018 fifth edition, WNWCD changed the main headword to *Kyiv*, with *Kiev* as a see-also entry with the label "Russ. name for **Kyiv**". 19\. "[Kiev](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kiev)". *Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary*. Merriam-Webster. Merriam–Webster's online dictionary entry has the headword "**Kiev**" with the label "variants: *or Ukrainian* **Kyiv** *or* **Kyyiv**." According to M–W's [help on entries](https://www.merriam-webster.com/help/explanatory-notes/dict-usage) , the key word *or* signals an equal variant spelling: "these the two spellings occur with equal or nearly equal frequency and can be considered equal variants. Both are standard, and either one may be used according to personal inclination." 20\. Ukrainian Commission for Legal Terminology. "[Kiev?, Kyiv?! Which is right?](http://www.uazone.net/Kiev_Kyiv.html)". UA Zone. 21\. "[Kiev](https://www.lexico.com/definition/kiev)". *Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com*. The entry includes the usage note "Ukrainian name **Kyiv**", and the dictionary has a see-also entry for "Kyiv" cross-referencing this one. The entry text is republished from the print edition of the "Oxford Dictionary of English". Oxford University Press. 2010. 22\. "[Kiev](https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/kiev)". *Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online*. Pearson English Language Teaching. 23\. "[Kyiv not Kiev: Why spelling matters in Ukraine's quest for an independent identity](https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/kyiv-not-kiev-why-spelling-matters-in-ukraines-quest-for-an-independent-identity/)". [The Atlantic Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic_Council). 21 October 2019. 24\. [Kyiv](http://leksika.com.ua/13290305/ure/kiyiv) at [Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Encyclopedia) 25\. [Kiev](http://leksika.com.ua/13290305/ure/kiyiv) in the [Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Encyclopedia): "Населення періоду мідного віку на тер. К. було носієм т. з. трипільської культури; відомі й знахідки окремих предметів бронзового віку." 26\. "[Kyiv](https://www.britannica.com/place/Kyiv) ", [*Encyclopædia Britannica*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Britannica). Retrieved 9 March 2020. 27\. [Petro Tolochko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_Tolochko), Glib Ivakin, Yaroslava Vermenych. *[Kyiv](http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Kyiv_mst)* . Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. 28\. Rabinovich GA From the history of urban settlements in the eastern Slavs. In the book.: History, culture, folklore and ethnography of the Slavic peoples. M. 1968. 134. 29\. Ерофалов-Пилипчак, Борис (22 February 2019). "[Римский Киев: или Castrum Azagarium на Киево-Подоле](https://books.google.com/books?id=YWg2ywEACAAJ)". A+C. 30\. Hazlitt, William (22 February 1851). "[The Classical Gazetteer: A Dictionary of Ancient Geography, Sacred and Profane](https://books.google.com/books?id=eMUBAAAAYAAJ&dq=Amadoca&pg=PA29)". Whittaker. 31\. Sigfús Blöndal. "[The Varangians of Byzantium](https://books.google.com/books?id=vFRug14ui7gC&dq=de+administrando+imperio+Kioava&pg=PA9) ". 32\. [History](https://pechersk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/mennyu-1.html) . Pechersk Raion in the Kiev City. 33\. dr. Viktor Padányi – Dentu-Magyaria p. 325, footnote 15 34\. Lowe, Steven; Ryaboy, Dmitriy V.. "[The Pechenegs](http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Pechenegs)". 35\. Paul M. HOHENBERG; Lynn Hollen Lees; Paul M Hohenberg (2009). "[The Making of Urban Europe, 1000–1994](https://books.google.com/books?id=-fm0wWa_L80C&pg=PA10)". Harvard University Press. 36\. Наталія Яковенко. "Нарис історії України з найдавніших часів до кінця XVIII ст.". 37\. Наталія Яковенко. "Нарис історії України з найдавніших часів до кінця XVIII ст.". 38\. Наталія Яковенко. "Нарис історії України з найдавніших часів до кінця XVIII ст.". 39\. Plokhy, Serhii (2006). "[The Origins of the Slavic Nations](http://shron.chtyvo.org.ua/Plokhii_Serhii/The_Origins_of_the_Slavic_Nations_Premodern_Identities_in_Russia_Ukraine_and_Belarus__en.pdf)". Cambridge University Press. 40\. Martin, Janet L. B. (2004). "Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia". Cambridge University Press. 41\. Janet Martin, *Medieval Russia:980–1584*, (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 100. 42\. , University of Toronto Research Repository 43\. Subtelny, Orest (2009). "Ukraine: A History. Fourth Edition.". University of Toronto Press. 44\. Martin 2007, p. 68. 45\. Наталія Яковенко. "Нарис історії України з найдавніших часів до кінця XVIII ст.". 46\. Jones, Michael (2000). *The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c.1300–c.1415*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36290-0 47\. "["Ukraina: Lietuvos epocha, 1320–1569"](https://www.bernardinai.lt/2010-05-03-ukraina-lietuvos-epocha-1320-1569/)". *[Bernardinai.lt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardinai.lt)*. 3 May 2010. 48\. "[Хто побудував київський замок?](https://we.org.ua/history/hto-pobuduvav-kyyivskyj-zamok/)". *Про Україну*. 49\. Jerzy Lukowski, W. H. Zawadzki (2006). *[A concise history of Poland](https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC)* . Cambridge University Press. p.53. ISBN 0-521-61857-6 50\. Davies, Norman (1982). *God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795*. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-05351-8 51\. Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). *A History of Ukraine*, University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97580-6 52\. Т.Г. Таирова-Яковлева, Иван Выговский // Единорогъ. Материалы по военной истории Восточной Европы эпохи Средних веков и Раннего Нового времени, вып.1, М., 2009: *Под влиянием польской общественности и сильного диктата Ватикана сейм в мае 1659 г. принял Гадячский договор в более чем урезанном виде. Идея Княжества Руського вообще была уничтожена, равно как и положение о сохранении союза с Москвой. Отменялась и ликвидация унии, равно как и целый ряд других позитивных статей.* 53\. Наталія Яковенко. "Нарис історії України з найдавніших часів до кінця XVIII ст.". 54\. Magocsi 1996, p. 187–191. 55\. Magocsi 1996, p. 204. 56\. Magocsi 1996, p. 233. 57\. [Eugeniusz Romer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugeniusz_Romer), O wschodniej granicy Polski z przed 1772 r., w: Księga Pamiątkowa ku czci Oswalda Balzera, t. II, Lwów 1925, s. \[358\]. 58\. Eksteins, Modris (1999). "[Walking Since Daybreak](https://archive.org/details/walkingsincedayb0000ekst)". [Houghton Mifflin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt). 59\. "[The Great Purge under Stalin 1937–38](http://www.brama.com/ukraine/history/terror/index.html)". brama.com. 60\. [Orlando Figes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes) *The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia*, 2007, ISBN 0805074619, pages 227–315. 61\. Robert Gellately, *Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe* (Knopf, 2007: ISBN 1-4000-4005-1), 720 pages. 62\. Daniel Goldhagen, *Hitler's Willing Executioners* (p. 290) – "2.8 million young, healthy Soviet POWs" killed by the Germans, "mainly by starvation... in less than eight months" of 1941–42, before "the decimation of Soviet POWs... was stopped" and the Germans "began to use them as laborers". 63\. "[Babi Yar](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/babiyar.html)". *Jewish Virtual Library*. 2012. 64\. Andy Dougan, *Dynamo: Triumph and Tragedy in Nazi-Occupied Kiev* (Globe Pequot, 2004: ISBN 1-59228-467-1), p. 83. 65\. "[Kiev and Babi Yar](https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005421)". *Holocaust Encyclopedia*. [United States Holocaust Memorial Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum). 66\. "[У Києві біля водойм відкрито 32 зони для відпочинку, з яких 12 – із можливістю купання](https://kyivcity.gov.ua/news/u_kiyevi_bilya_vodoym_vidkrito_32_zoni_dlya_vidpochinku_z_yakikh_12__iz_mozhlivistyu_kupannya/)" \[In Kyiv, 32 recreational zones have been opened near bodies of water, 12 of which allow swimming\]. *kyivcity.gov.ua*. 19 June 2020. 67\. "[У Кличка розповіли, де в Києві можна купатися, а де тільки засмагати. Список](https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2020/06/19/7256376/)" \[Klitschko’s office explained where in Kyiv you can swim and where you can only sunbathe\]. *pravda.com.ua*. 19 June 2020. 68\. "[Urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2011 and types of natural risks](http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/WUP2011-F23-City_Risk_Natural-Disasters.xls)". United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. April 2012. 69\. Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). "[World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated](http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf)". *Meteorol. Z.*. 70\. "[ЦГО Кліматичні дані по м.Києву](http://cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua/index.php?lang=en&fn=k_klimat&f=kyiv)". *cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua*. Central Observatory for Geophysics. 71\. "[ЦГО Кліматичні рекорди](http://cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords/)". *cgo-sreznevskyi.kyiv.ua*. Central Observatory for Geophysics. 72\. [Klitschko officially announced as winner of Kyiv mayor election](https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/207829.html) , [Interfax-Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine) (4 June 2014) 73\. [Vitali Klitschko wins in first round of Kyiv mayor election](https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-elections/3131537-vitali-klitschko-wins-in-first-round-of-kyiv-mayor-election.html) , [Ukrinform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrinform) (6 November 2020) 74\. Ohloblyn, Oleksander; Wynar, Lubomyr. "[Hrushevsky, Mykhailo](https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CR%5CHrushevskyMykhailo.htm)". *[Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine)*. 75\. Hrushevsky, M., Bar Starostvo: Historical Notes: XV–XVIII, St. Vladimir University Publishing House, Bol'shaya-Vasil'kovskaya, Building no. 29–31, Kiev, Ukraine, 1894; Lviv, Ukraine, ISBN 5-12-004335-6, pp. 1–623, 1996. 76\. [Interactive parliamentary election 2012 result maps](http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2012/10/29/6975859/) by [Ukrayinska Pravda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda); [Election results in Ukraine since 1998](http://www.cvk.gov.ua/) , [Central Election Commission of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_Ukraine); [Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview](https://books.google.com/books?id=2UoQ-ueHjdEC&pg=PA1629) , [ABC-CLIO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO), 2008, ISBN 1851099077 (page 1629); [Ukraine on its Meandering Path Between East and West](https://books.google.com/books?id=cQqr7f9QkngC&pg=PA122) by Andrej Lushnycky and [Mykola Riabchuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykola_Riabchuk), [Peter Lang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lang_%28publishing_company%29), 2009, ISBN 303911607X (page 122); [After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions](http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2012-11-07/after-parliamentary-elections-ukraine-a-tough-victory-party-regions) , [Centre for Eastern Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Eastern_Studies) (7 November 2012); [Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe](https://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396) by [Uwe Backes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Backes) and Patrick Moreau, [Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenhoeck_&_Ruprecht), 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-36912-8 (page 396); [Party of Regions gets 185 seats in Ukrainian parliament, Batkivschyna 101 – CEC](http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/126937.html#.UUzMyKnCus0) , [Interfax-Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine) (12 November 2012); , [Interfax-Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine) (8 January 2013); [Electronic Bulletin "Your Choice – 2012". Issue 4: Batkivshchyna](http://www.ucipr.kiev.ua/publications/electronic-bulletin-your-choice-2012-issue-4-batkivshchyna/lang/en) , Ukrainian Center for Independent Political Research (24 October 2012); [Ukraine's Party System in Transition? The Rise of the Radically Right-Wing All-Ukrainian Association "Svoboda"](http://www.geopolitika.lt/?artc=4429) by [Andreas Umland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Umland), Centre for Geopolitical Studies (1 May 2011); "[Вибори-2012. Результати голосування](http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2012/10/29/6975859/)". 77\. [How relations between Ukraine and Russia should look like? Public opinion polls' results](http://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=236&page=1) , [Kyiv International Institute of Sociology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_International_Institute_of_Sociology) (4 March 2014) 78\. [Elections to Kyiv district councils will take place on October 30 \[2022\] – the decision of the Kyiv City Council](https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/796003.html) , [Interfax-Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine) (3 February 2022) 79\. "[uk:Чисельність населення м.Києва](http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=527)" \[Population of Kyiv city\]. UkrStat.gov.ua. 1 November 2015. 80\. The most recent [Ukrainian census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_%282001%29), conducted on 5 December 2001, gave the population of Kyiv as 2 611 300 ([Ukrcensus.gov.ua – Kyiv city](https://web.archive.org/web/20100820175437/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/regions/reg_mkyiv/) Web address accessed on 4 August 2007). Estimates based on the amount of bakery products sold in the city (thus including temporary visitors and commuters) suggest a minimum of 3.5 million. "[There are up to 1.5 mln undercounted residents in Kiev](http://www.korrespondent.net/main/194785) ", *[Korrespondent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrespondent)*, 15 June 2005 81\. "[There are up to 1.5 mln undercounted residents in Kiev](http://www.korrespondent.net/main/194785)". *[Korrespondent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrespondent)*. 15 June 2007. 82\. Hamm 1993, p. 103. 83\. Hamm 1993, p. 103–104. 84\. Makaryk, Irene Rima; Tkacz, Virlana (2010-01-01). "[Modernism in Kyiv: Kiev/Kyïv/Kiev/Kijów: Jubilant Experimentation](https://books.google.com/books?id=PWknXDfsY6cC&pg=PA74)". [University of Toronto Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press). 85\. Kubijovyč, Volodymyr; Pavlovsky, Vadym; Stebelsky, Ihor; Zhukovsky, Arkadii (2017). "[Kyiv](http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm)". *[Encyclopedia of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine)*. 86\. Kubijovyč, Volodymyr; Pavlovsky, Vadym; Stebelsky, Ihor; Zhukovsky, Arkadii. "[Kyiv](http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm)". *[Encyclopedia of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine)*. 87\. "[Ukrainian Municipal Survey, March 2–20 2015](http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/2015-05-19_ukraine_national_municipal_survey_march_2-20_2015.pdf)". *IRI*. 88\. According to the official [2001 census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_%282001%29) data: "[Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 \| Результати \| Основні підсумки \| Національний склад населення \| місто Киів](http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/nationality/city_kyiv/)". ukrcensus.gov.ua. "[Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 \| Результати \| Основні підсумки \| Мовний склад населення \| місто Київ](http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/city_kyiv)". ukrcensus.gov.ua. 89\. "Kiev: the city, its residents, problems of today, wishes for tomorrow", *[Zerkalo Nedeli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli)*, 29 April – 12 May 2006. [in Russian](http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/ie/show/596/53322/). , [in Ukrainian](http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/596/53322/) 90\. "[What language is spoken in Ukraine?](http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20032/72)". Welcome to Ukraine. 91\. [Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам. г. Киев](http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=533) (in Russian). 92\. "[Kiev](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/kiev)". *www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org*. 93\. "[The Jewish Community of Kiev](https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/kiev)". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. 94\. "[Kiev and Babi Yar](http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005421)". *Holocaust Encyclopedia*. [United States Holocaust Memorial Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum). 95\. Gutman, Israel (1990). "Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, vol. 1". Macmillan. 96\. "[State-sponsored Anti-Semitism in Postwar USSR. Studies and Research Perspectives; Antonella Salomoni](http://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/focus.php?id=212)". Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History / Questioni di storia ebraica contemporanea. 2 April 2010. 97\. alla levy. "[Jewish People Around the World](http://www.jpeopleworld.com/index.php?dir=site&page=country&subj_cs=4755)". 98\. [Forgotten Soviet Plans For Kyiv](http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/109648/) , [Kyiv Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Post) (28 July 2011) 99\. [Workpermit.com](http://www.workpermit.com/news/2005_08_10/europe/ukraine.htm) . Retrieved 30 July 2006. 100\. [*Kiev.info*](http://www.kiev.info/shopping/andrey_sp.htm) . Retrieved 20 June 2006. 101\. [Kyiv found among greenest cities in Europe](https://web.archive.org/web/20121013202330/http://www.wam.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1259110921211&pagename=WAM%2FWAM_E_Layout&parent=Query&parentid=1135099399852), [Emirates News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (10 December 2009) 102\. Goukassian, Elena (15 September 2023). "[Unesco adds sites in Kyiv and Lviv to list of world heritage in danger](https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/09/15/unesco-adds-kyiv-lviv-sites-world-heritage-danger)". *The Art Newspaper*. 103\. Anwer, Baraa (September 15, 2023). "[UNESCO puts 2 locations in war-ravaged Ukraine on its list of historic sites in danger](https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-russia-un-heritage-war-54620f9e495fe50349cc568c8347ab87)". *Associated Press News*. 104\. "[World Heritage in Danger](https://whc.unesco.org/en/158/)". *UNESCO World Heritage Convention*. 105\. [The Ukraine](https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120) , [Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_%28magazine%29), 28 October 1946 106\. "[Andreyevskiy Spusk](http://www.hotels-kiev.com/andreevsky_spusk.htm)". *Hotels-Kiev.com*. Optima Tours. 107\. "[Andreevsky spusk](http://guide.kyiv.ru/ru/city/streets/2005/10/20/107.html)". *Kyiv Guide*. 108\. "[Kiev zoo a 'concentration camp for animals'](https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/kiev-zoo-a-concentration-camp-for-animals-1.1106751)". *CBC news*. Associated Press. 23 March 2011. 109\. "[Culture and Arts](http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=534)". Kyiv Statistics Office. 110\. [Trophies of Dynamo](http://www.fcdynamo.kiev.ua/en/trophy) – Official website of Dynamo Kyiv 111\. "[Kyiv opens host stadium for Euro 2012 final](http://www.kyivpost.com/news/city/detail/114397/)". *[Kyiv Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Post)*. 9 October 2011. 112\. "[Туристичні потоки](http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/tyr/tyr_u/potoki2006_u.htm)". Ukrstat.gov.ua. 113\. "[Головне управління статистики м.Києва – Туристичні потоки](http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=538)" \[Kyiv City Main Statistical Office – Tourist flows\]. kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua. 114\. "[Number of foreign tourists in Kyiv growing](https://www.unian.info/kyiv/10240080-number-of-foreign-tourists-in-kyiv-growing-city-official.html)". *www.unian.info*. 28 August 2018. 115\. [The Kyiv council approved the Kyiv city anthem (Київрада затвердила гімн Києва)](http://kyiv.pravda.com.ua/news/5464ecc6c3e17/) . [Ukrayinska Pravda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda). 13 November 2014 116\. ["Thujoy Khreshchatyk". Why Kyivans miss chestnuts and how they became a symbol of the capital](https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2020/05/29/7253616/) , [Ukrayinska Pravda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda) (29 May 2019) 117\. "Kyiv Statistical Yearbook for 2009". Vydavnytstvo Konsultant LLC. 2010. 118\. "[Gross Regional Product](http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=425)". Kyiv Statistics Office. 119\. "[Gross Domestic Product](http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/)". State Statistics Committee. 120\. "[Labour Market](http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=512)". Kyiv Statistics Office. 121\. "[Labour Market](http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/)". Kyiv Statistics Office. 122\. "[Калькулятор зарплаты](https://uteka.ua/calculator/salary-calculator)" \[Salary calculator\]. *uteka.ua*. 123\. "[Средняя зарплата в Украине \[2019\] ᐈ Средняя зарплата в Киеве и регионах](https://index.minfin.com.ua/labour/salary/average/)" \[Average salary in Ukraine \[2019\] ᐈ Average salary in Kyiv and the regions\]. *index.minfin.com.ua*. 124\. "[Convert 21,347 Ukrainian Hryvnia to Euro – UAH to EUR Exchange Rates \| Xe](http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=21347&From=UAH&To=EUR)". 125\. "[Retail Sales](http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=1081)". Kyiv Statistics Office. 126\. "[Retail Sales](http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/)". State Statistics Committee. 127\. "[Construction Works](http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=1000)". Kyiv Statistics Office. 128\. "[Construction Works](http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/)". State Statistics Committee. 129\. "[Square Metre Prices in Ukraine](http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/Ukraine/square-meter-prices)". Global Property Guide. 130\. Santarovich, Andrey (27 May 2011). "[Kyiv Development Strategy Calls for EUR82 billion in foreign investment](http://bin.ua/news/regional/capital/115757-strategiya-razvitiya-kieva-predpolagaet.html)". Business Information Network. 131\. "[Валовий регіональний продукт](https://ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2021/vvp/kvartal_new/vrp/arh_vrp_u.html)". 2023-03-30. 132\. "[Statistical Bulletin (May 2012)](http://www.bank.gov.ua/files/stat.pdf)". National Bank of Ukraine. 133\. "[30 років Незалежності: як змінювався курс долара](https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2021/08/23/infografika/finansy/30-rokiv-nezalezhnosti-yak-zminyuvavsya-kurs-dolara)". 2021-03-21. 134\. "[Average Monthly Wage Dynamics](http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=505)". Kyiv Statistics Office. 135\. "[Середньомісячна номінальна заробітна плата за видами економічної діяльності у 2013 році](http://www.kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=2803&lang=1)". 136\. "[Labour Market Indicators](http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=512)". Kyiv Statistics Office. 137\. "[Foreign Direct Investment](http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=477)". Kyiv Statistics Office. 138\. "[Industrial Production by Economic Activity](http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=1002)". Kyiv Statistics Office. 139\. "[UNIT Factory, a key element of the future innovation park, opened in Kyiv](https://kfund.ua/en/unit-factory-a-key-element-of-the-future-innovation-park-opened-in-kyiv/)". *kfund.ua*. 16 November 2016. 140\. See also: [Kyiv University official website](http://www.univ.kiev.ua/) . Retrieved 28 July 2006. 141\. See also: [KPI official website](https://kpi.ua/) 142\. "[National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy](https://www.ukma.edu.ua/eng/)". 143\. See also: [Osvita.org URL accessed on 20 June 2006](http://www.osvita.org.ua/highedu/?cmd=search&HS%5breg%5d=2&HS%5bp_i%5d=5&HS%5bbutton%5d=go) 144\. "Kyiv Statistical Yearbook for 2008". Vydavnytstvo Konsultant LLC. 2009. 145\. "[The Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine](http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/eng/)". Nbuv.gov.ua. 146\. "[Collection of Jewish Musical Folklore (1912–1947)](http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=23132&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html)". UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. 16 May 2008. 147\. "[Головне управління статистики м.Києва – Пасажирські перевезення АРХІВ 2011 року](http://kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua/p.php3?c=2257)" \[Kyiv City Statistical Office – Passenger Transport (Archive 2011)\]. *kyiv.ukrstat.gov.ua*. 148\. For a 2004 plan of the Kyiv tram, please see [mashke.org](http://www.mashke.org/kievtram/history/schemes/2004/2004-tram.jpg) 149\. "[Азаров дал добро на строительство кольцевой дороги вокруг Киева – Газета "ФАКТЫ и комментарии"](http://fakty.ua/140163-masshtabnoe-stroitelstvo)" \[Azarov gave the green light to build a ring road around Kyiv\]. Fakty.ua. 150\. "[Вторая кольцевая дорога вокруг Киева обойдется в $5-5,5 млрд. – Последние новости Киева – Однако в направлении окружной дороги уже вся земля выкуплена СЕГОДНЯ](http://www.segodnya.ua/news/251194.html)" \[The second ring road around Kyiv will cost $5–5.5 billion. — However, all the land along the route has already been purchased.\]. Segodnya.ua. 27 June 2007. 151\. "[Азаров прогнозирует начало строительства второй кольцевой дороги вокруг Киева в 2012 году Новости Киева](http://korrespondent.net/kyiv/1259650-azarov-prognoziruet-nachalo-stroitelstva-vtoroj-kolcevoj-dorogi-vokrug-kieva-v-2012-godu)" \[Azarov predicts the start of construction of a second ring road around Kyiv in 2012\]. Korrespondent.net. 152\. [Kyiv Administration: Roads Are In Poor Technical State Because They Have Reached End Of Their Service Lives And Annual Maintenance Volume Is Low](http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/203506.html) , [Ukrainian News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_News_Agency) (12 June 2009) 153\. [Archunion.com.ua](http://www.archunion.com.ua/proekt-new-006.shtml) . Retrieved 20 June 2006. 154\. "[Азаров запустил в Киеве городскую электричку Экономика РИА Новости – Украина](http://ua.rian.ru/economy/20111004/78875513.html)" \[Azarov launched the urban rail service in Kyiv\]. Ua.rian.ru. 13 August 2012. 155\. "[Мапа сполучень](https://kyivcityexpress.uz.gov.ua/map.html)". *Kyiv City Express*. 156\. "[Наша компанія ДТЕК Київські електромереж](https://www.dtek-kem.com.ua/ua/about)" \[Our company DTEK Kyiv Electric Networks\]. 157\. "[Ukraine electricity generation: Investment opportunities](https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/ua-ko/brd/m_20839/down.do?brd_id=20145&seq=101&data_tp=A&file_seq=3)". [South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28South_Korea%29). 2018. 158\. [The World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Bank). "[SOS DANUBIS.org – Ukraine](https://sos.danubis.org/eng/country-notes/ukraine/)". International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchment Area. 159\. "[Перелік міст, з якими Києвом підписані документи про поріднення, дружбу, співробітництво, партнерство](https://kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf)" \[List of cities with which Kyiv has signed agreements on twinning, friendship, cooperation, or partnership\]. *kyivcity.gov.ua*. Kyiv. 15 February 2018. 160\. "[Neue Städtepartnerschaft mit Kyiv: Vitali Klitschko in Berlin](https://www.berlin.de/aktuelles/8445429-958090-neue-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-kyiv-vital.html)". *berlin.de*. 2023-09-11. 161\. "[Nicuşor Dan: Am hotărât să aprobăm înfrăţirea dintre Bucureşti şi Kiev](https://www.mediafax.ro/social/nicusor-dan-am-hotarat-sa-aprobam-infratirea-dintre-bucuresti-si-kiev-20598398)". *mediafax.ro*. Mediafax. 2022-03-07. 162\. Journalist, Magnus Ankerstjerne. "[København vedtager venskabsaftale med Kyiv](https://www.tv2kosmopol.dk/koebenhavn/koebenhavn-vedtager-venskabsaftale-med-kyiv)". *TV 2 Kosmopol*. 163\. "[Marchenkova, Natalya](https://www.animator.ru/db/?ver=eng&p=show_person&pid=1475)". *animator.ru*. 164\. "[VINDMAN, Eugene Simon](https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/V000138)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*. 165\. Bain, Robert Nisbet. 166\. Beazley, Charles Raymond. 167\. [Kyiv Peninsula.](https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=140157) SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/page/4/) **5** - ← previous: [page 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Kyiv/page/4/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)