---
title: A ceasefire was established, the ports and airports were re-opened a… — Lebanon · tree and pragmatics
description: A ceasefire was established, the ports and airports were re-opened and refugees began to return. Who acts: ceasefire, refugees. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Lebanon» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Lebanon, sentence 177

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From Wikipedia, [«Lebanon»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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A ceasefire was established, the ports and airports were re-opened and refugees began to return.

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**Who acts:** ceasefire, refugees · **What happens:** establish, be, begin, return · **To what, where:** ceasefire

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Lebanon». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ceasefire, refugees), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Lebanon:177
# text = A ceasefire was established, the ports and airports were re-opened and refugees began to return.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ceasefire	ceasefire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	established	establish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	ports	port	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	airports	airport	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	re-opened	re-opened	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	refugees	refugee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
14	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	return	return	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **establish** | past · passive |  | a ceasefire *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP» |
| 2 | **is** | past | a ceasefire |  |  |  |  | the ports and airports *nsubj*; re-opened *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **begin** | past | refugees |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **return** | to-infinitive | refugees *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Lebanon», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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