--- title: A regional stock exchange, the Bourse des Valeurs Mobilières de l'Af… — Libreville · tree and pragmatics description: A regional stock exchange, the Bourse des Valeurs Mobilières de l'Afrique Centrale (BVMAC), has had its headquarters in Libreville since a 2019 merger of the Gabonese and Cameroonian regional exchanges, although trading volumes remain modest compared with those on the JSE or the NGX. 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A regional stock exchange, the Bourse des Valeurs Mobilières de l'Afrique Centrale (BVMAC), has had its headquarters in Libreville since a 2019 merger of the Gabonese and Cameroonian regional exchanges, although trading volumes remain modest compared with those on the JSE or the NGX. **Who acts:** regional stock exchange, trading volumes · **What happens:** de, have, remain, compare, merge · **To what, where:** Valeurs, headquarters, Libreville, Gabonese regional exchanges This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Libreville». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (regional stock exchange, trading volumes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = wikipedia:Libreville:119 # text = A regional stock exchange, the Bourse des Valeurs Mobilières de l'Afrique Centrale (BVMAC), has had its headquarters in Libreville since a 2019 merger of the Gabonese and Cameroonian regional exchanges, although trading volumes remain modest compared with those on the JSE or the NGX. 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 2 regional regional ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _ 3 stock stock NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 compound _ _ 4 exchange exchange NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No 5 , , PUNCT , _ 4 punct _ _ 6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 Bourse bourse NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ _ 8 des de VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 9 Valeurs valeur NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 obj _ _ 10 Mobilières Mobilières PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 appos _ _ 11 de de PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 flat _ _ 12 l'Afrique l'Afrique X FW Foreign=Yes 10 dep _ _ 13 Centrale Centrale PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 flat _ _ 14 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 15 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 15 BVMAC BVMAC PROPN NNP Number=Sing 10 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 16 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 15 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 17 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 18 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 19 aux _ _ 19 had have VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 8 parataxis _ _ 20 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 21 nmod:poss _ _ 21 headquarters headquarters NOUN NNS Number=Ptan 19 obj _ _ 22 in in ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 23 Libreville Libreville PROPN NNP Number=Sing 19 obl _ _ 24 since since ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 25 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 27 det _ _ 26 2019 2019 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 27 nummod _ _ 27 merger merger NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obl _ _ 28 of of ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 29 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 30 Gabonese Gabonese PROPN NNP Number=Sing 34 compound _ _ 31 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc _ _ 32 Cameroonian Cameroonian PROPN NNP Number=Sing 30 conj _ _ 33 regional regional ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 34 amod _ _ 34 exchanges exchange NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 35 , , PUNCT , _ 39 punct _ _ 36 although although SCONJ IN _ 39 mark _ _ 37 trading trading NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 compound _ _ 38 volumes volume NOUN NNS Number=Plur 39 nsubj _ _ 39 remain remain VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 19 conj _ _ 40 modest mod ADV RBS Degree=Sup 41 advmod _ _ 41 compared compare VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 39 advcl _ _ 42 with with ADP IN _ 43 case _ _ 43 those that PRON DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 41 obl _ _ 44 on on ADP IN _ 46 case _ _ 45 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 46 det _ _ 46 JSE JSE PROPN NNP Number=Sing 43 nmod _ _ 47 or or CCONJ CC _ 49 cc _ _ 48 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 49 det _ _ 49 NGX NGX PROPN NNP Number=Sing 46 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 50 . . PUNCT . _ 8 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **de** | present | a regional stock exchange | Valeurs | | | | the Bourse *nsubj* | tree rules | | 2 | **have** | present · perfect | | Bourse's headquarters | | Libreville | since a 2019 merger of the Gabonese regional exchanges | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent headquarters=Patient | | 3 | **remain** | present | trading volumes | | | | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **compare** | participle | trading volumes *not said here* | | | | | with those on the JSE or the NGX; mod *property* | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Patient with that=Co-Patient | | 5 | **merge** | | | the Gabonese regional exchanges | | | | | nom merger «act transitive»: of=patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Libreville», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0. - ← previous: [sentence 118](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libreville/118/) - next →: [sentence 120](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libreville/120/) - ↑ back to [Libreville](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libreville/)