--- title: Libya — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 3 description: Wikipedia's «Libya», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libya/page/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Libya # Libya · page 3 From Wikipedia, [«Libya»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libya/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libya/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libya/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libya/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libya/page/6/) ### First Libyan Civil War and the fall of Gaddafi (2011) Main article: [First Libyan Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War), [2011 military intervention in Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya) The first civil war came during the [Arab Spring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring) movements which overturned the rulers of [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) [corpus](../../../Tunisia/ "in our corpus") and [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) [corpus](../../../Egypt/ "in our corpus").[192](../../192/ "tree and pragmatics") Libya first experienced protests against Gaddafi's regime on 15 February 2011, with a full-scale revolt beginning on [17 February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_Day).[\[81\]](../../page/6/#ref-81 "note 81")[193](../../193/ "tree and pragmatics") Libya's authoritarian regime led by Muammar Gaddafi put up much more of a resistance compared to the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia.[194](../../194/ "tree and pragmatics") While overthrowing the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia was a relatively quick process, Gaddafi's campaign posed significant stalls on the uprising in Libya.[\[82\]](../../page/6/#ref-82 "note 82")[195](../../195/ "tree and pragmatics") The first announcement of a competing political authority appeared online and declared the [Interim Transitional National Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Transitional_National_Council) as an alternative government.[196](../../196/ "tree and pragmatics") One of Gaddafi's senior advisors responded by posting a tweet, wherein he resigned, defected, and advised Gaddafi to flee.[\[83\]](../../page/6/#ref-83 "note 83")[197](../../197/ "tree and pragmatics") By 20 February, the unrest had spread to [Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya) [corpus](../../../Tripoli,_Libya/ "in our corpus").[198](../../198/ "tree and pragmatics") On 27 February 2011, the [National Transitional Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transitional_Council) was established to administer the areas of Libya under rebel control.[199](../../199/ "tree and pragmatics") On 10 March 2011, the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) [corpus](../../../United_States/ "in our corpus") and many other nations recognised the council headed by [Mahmoud Jibril](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Jibril) as acting prime minister and as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people and withdrawing the recognition of Gaddafi's regime.[\[84\]](../../page/6/#ref-84 "note 84")[\[85\]](../../page/6/#ref-85 "note 85")[200](../../200/ "tree and pragmatics") Pro-Gaddafi forces were able to respond militarily to rebel pushes in [Western Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitania) and launched a counterattack along the coast toward Benghazi, the de facto centre of the uprising.[\[86\]](../../page/6/#ref-86 "note 86")[201](../../201/ "tree and pragmatics") The town of [Zawiya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiya,_Libya), 48 km from Tripoli, was bombarded by [air force planes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force_%281951–2011%29) and army tanks and seized by [Jamahiriya troops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya), "exercising a level of brutality not yet seen in the conflict."[\[87\]](../../page/6/#ref-87 "note 87")[202](../../202/ "tree and pragmatics") Organizations of the United Nations, including [United Nations Secretary General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General) [Ban Ki-moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon)[\[88\]](../../page/6/#ref-88 "note 88") and the [United Nations Human Rights Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council), condemned the crackdown as violating international law, with the latter body expelling Libya outright in an unprecedented action.[\[89\]](../../page/6/#ref-89 "note 89")[\[90\]](../../page/6/#ref-90 "note 90")[203](../../203/ "tree and pragmatics") On 17 March 2011, the UN Security Council passed [Resolution 1973](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973),[\[91\]](../../page/6/#ref-91 "note 91") with a 10–0 vote and five abstentions including [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) [corpus](../../../Russia/ "in our corpus"), [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) [corpus](../../../China/ "in our corpus"), [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) [corpus](../../../India/ "in our corpus"), [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil) [corpus](../../../Brazil/ "in our corpus") and [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) [corpus](../../../Germany/ "in our corpus").[204](../../204/ "tree and pragmatics") The resolution sanctioned the establishment of a [no-fly zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-fly_zone) and the use of "all means necessary" to protect civilians within Libya.[\[92\]](../../page/6/#ref-92 "note 92")[205](../../205/ "tree and pragmatics") On 19 March, the first act of [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) allies to secure the no-fly zone began by destroying Libyan air defences when French military jets entered Libyan airspace on a [reconnaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance) mission heralding attacks on enemy targets.[\[93\]](../../page/6/#ref-93 "note 93")[206](../../206/ "tree and pragmatics") In the weeks that followed, U.S. American forces were in the forefront of NATO operations against Libya.[207](../../207/ "tree and pragmatics") More than 8,000 US personnel in warships and aircraft were deployed in the area.[208](../../208/ "tree and pragmatics") At least 3,000 targets were struck in 14,202 strike sorties, 716 of them in Tripoli and 492 in [Brega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brega).[\[94\]](../../page/6/#ref-94 "note 94")[209](../../209/ "tree and pragmatics") The U.S. air offensive included flights of [B-2 stealth bombers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_B-2_Spirit), each bomber armed with sixteen 2000-pound bombs, flying out of and returning to their base in [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri).[\[95\]](../../page/6/#ref-95 "note 95")[210](../../210/ "tree and pragmatics") The support provided by the NATO air forces contributed to the ultimate success of the revolution.[\[96\]](../../page/6/#ref-96 "note 96")[211](../../211/ "tree and pragmatics") By 22 August 2011, [rebel fighters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_%28Libya%29) had entered Tripoli and occupied [Green Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Tripoli),[\[97\]](../../page/6/#ref-97 "note 97") which they renamed Martyrs' Square in honour of those killed since 17 February 2011.[212](../../212/ "tree and pragmatics") On 20 October 2011, the last heavy fighting of the uprising came to an end in the city of [Sirte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirte).[213](../../213/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Battle of Sirte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_%282011%29) was both the last decisive battle and the last one in general of the [First Libyan Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War) where Gaddafi was captured and killed by NATO-backed forces on 20 October 2011.[214](../../214/ "tree and pragmatics") Sirte was the last Gaddafi [loyalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalist) stronghold and his place of birth.[215](../../215/ "tree and pragmatics") The defeat of loyalist forces was celebrated on 23 October 2011, three days after the fall of Sirte.[216](../../216/ "tree and pragmatics") At least 30,000 Libyans died in the civil war.[\[98\]](../../page/6/#ref-98 "note 98")[217](../../217/ "tree and pragmatics") In addition, the [National Transitional Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transitional_Council) estimated 50,000 wounded.[\[99\]](../../page/6/#ref-99 "note 99")[218](../../218/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Interwar period and the Second Libyan Civil War (2011–2020) Main article: [Aftermath of the First Libyan Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_First_Libyan_Civil_War), [Second Libyan Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War) Following the defeat of loyalist forces, Libya was torn among numerous rival, armed militias affiliated with distinct regions, cities and tribes, while the central government had been weak and unable to effectively exert its authority over the country.[219](../../219/ "tree and pragmatics") Competing militias pitted themselves against each other in a political struggle between [Islamist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism) politicians and their opponents.[\[100\]](../../page/6/#ref-100 "note 100")[220](../../220/ "tree and pragmatics") On 7 July 2012, Libyans held their first parliamentary elections since the end of the former regime.[221](../../221/ "tree and pragmatics") On 8 August, the [National Transitional Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transitional_Council) officially handed power over to the wholly elected [General National Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_National_Congress), which was then tasked with the formation of an interim government and the drafting of a new [Libyan Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_interim_Constitutional_Declaration) to be approved in a general [referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Libyan_referendum).[\[101\]](../../page/6/#ref-101 "note 101")[222](../../222/ "tree and pragmatics") On 25 August 2012, in what Reuters reported as "the most blatant sectarian attack" since the end of the civil war, unnamed organised assailants bulldozed a [Sufi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism) mosque with graves in the centre of the Libyan capital [Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya) [corpus](../../../Tripoli,_Libya/ "in our corpus").[223](../../223/ "tree and pragmatics") It was the second such razing of a Sufi site in two days.[\[102\]](../../page/6/#ref-102 "note 102")[224](../../224/ "tree and pragmatics") Numerous acts of vandalism and destruction of heritage were carried out by suspected Islamist militias, including the removal of the Nude Gazelle Statue and the destruction and desecration of World War II–era British grave sites near [Benghazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi).[\[103\]](../../page/6/#ref-103 "note 103")[\[104\]](../../page/6/#ref-104 "note 104")[225](../../225/ "tree and pragmatics") Many other cases of heritage vandalism were reported to be carried out by Islamist-related radical militias and mobs that either destroyed, robbed, or looted a number of historic sites.[226](../../226/ "tree and pragmatics") On 11 September 2012, Islamist militants mounted an [attack on the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack),[\[105\]](../../page/6/#ref-105 "note 105") killing the U.S. ambassador to Libya, [J. Christopher Stevens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Christopher_Stevens), and three others.[227](../../227/ "tree and pragmatics") The incident generated outrage in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) [corpus](../../../United_States/ "in our corpus") and Libya.[\[106\]](../../page/6/#ref-106 "note 106")[228](../../228/ "tree and pragmatics") On 7 October 2012, Libya's Prime Minister-elect Mustafa A.G.[229](../../229/ "tree and pragmatics") Abushagur was ousted after failing a second time to win parliamentary approval for a new cabinet.[\[107\]](../../page/6/#ref-107 "note 107")[\[108\]](../../page/6/#ref-108 "note 108")[\[109\]](../../page/6/#ref-109 "note 109")[230](../../230/ "tree and pragmatics") On 14 October 2012, the General National Congress elected former GNC member and human rights lawyer [Ali Zeidan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Zeidan) as prime minister-designate.[\[110\]](../../page/6/#ref-110 "note 110")[231](../../231/ "tree and pragmatics") Zeidan was sworn in after his cabinet was approved by the GNC.[\[111\]](../../page/6/#ref-111 "note 111")[\[112\]](../../page/6/#ref-112 "note 112")[232](../../232/ "tree and pragmatics") On 11 March 2014, after having been ousted by the GNC for his inability to halt a rogue oil shipment,[\[113\]](../../page/6/#ref-113 "note 113") Prime Minister Zeidan stepped down, and was replaced by Prime Minister [Abdullah al-Thani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_al-Thani).[\[114\]](../../page/6/#ref-114 "note 114")[233](../../233/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Second Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War) began in May 2014 following fighting between rival parliaments with tribal militias and [jihadist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad) groups soon taking advantage of the power vacuum.[234](../../234/ "tree and pragmatics") Most notably, radical Islamist fighters seized [Derna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derna,_Libya) in 2014 and [Sirte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirte) in 2015 in the name of the [Islamic State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State).[235](../../235/ "tree and pragmatics") In February 2015, neighbouring [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) [corpus](../../../Egypt/ "in our corpus") [launched airstrikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2015_Egyptian_airstrikes_in_Libya) against IS in support of the Tobruk government.[\[115\]](../../page/6/#ref-115 "note 115")[\[116\]](../../page/6/#ref-116 "note 116")[\[117\]](../../page/6/#ref-117 "note 117")[236](../../236/ "tree and pragmatics") In June 2014, [elections were held](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Libyan_parliamentary_election) to the [House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Libya%29), a new legislative body intended to take over from the [General National Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_National_Congress).[237](../../237/ "tree and pragmatics") The elections were marred by violence and low turnout, with voting stations closed in some areas.[\[118\]](../../page/6/#ref-118 "note 118")[238](../../238/ "tree and pragmatics") Secularists and liberals did well in the elections, to the consternation of Islamist lawmakers in the GNC, who reconvened and declared a continuing mandate for the GNC, refusing to recognise the new House of Representatives.[\[119\]](../../page/6/#ref-119 "note 119")[239](../../239/ "tree and pragmatics") Armed supporters of the General National Congress occupied Tripoli, forcing the newly elected parliament to flee to [Tobruk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk).[\[120\]](../../page/6/#ref-120 "note 120")[\[16\]](../../page/6/#ref-16 "note 16")[240](../../240/ "tree and pragmatics") In January 2015, meetings were held with the aim to find a peaceful agreement between the rival parties in Libya.[241](../../241/ "tree and pragmatics") The so-called Geneva-Ghadames talks were supposed to bring the GNC and the Tobruk government together at one table to find a solution of the internal conflict.[242](../../242/ "tree and pragmatics") However, the GNC actually never participated, a sign that internal division not only affected the "Tobruk Camp", but also the "Tripoli Camp".[243](../../243/ "tree and pragmatics") Meanwhile, terrorism within Libya steadily increased, also affecting neighbouring countries.[244](../../244/ "tree and pragmatics") The [terrorist attack against the Bardo Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_attack) in [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) [corpus](../../../Tunisia/ "in our corpus") on 18 March 2015 was reportedly carried out by two Libyan-trained militants.[\[121\]](../../page/6/#ref-121 "note 121")[245](../../245/ "tree and pragmatics") During 2015 an extended series of diplomatic meetings and peace negotiations were supported by the United Nations, as conducted by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG), Spanish diplomat [Bernardino León](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_León).[\[122\]](../../page/6/#ref-122 "note 122")[\[123\]](../../page/6/#ref-123 "note 123")[246](../../246/ "tree and pragmatics") UN support for the SRSG-led process of dialogue carried on in addition to the usual work of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL).[\[124\]](../../page/6/#ref-124 "note 124")[247](../../247/ "tree and pragmatics") In July 2015 SRSG Leon reported to the UN Security Council on the progress of the negotiations, which at that point had just achieved a political agreement on 11 July setting out "a comprehensive framework... includ\[ing\] guiding principles... institutions and decision-making mechanisms to guide the transition until the adoption of a permanent constitution."[248](../../248/ "tree and pragmatics") Talks, negotiations and dialogue continued on during mid-2015 at various international locations, culminating at Skhirat in Morocco in early September.[\[125\]](../../page/6/#ref-125 "note 125")[\[126\]](../../page/6/#ref-126 "note 126")[249](../../249/ "tree and pragmatics") Also in 2015, as part of the ongoing support from the international community, the UN Human Rights Council requested a report about the Libyan situation[\[127\]](../../page/6/#ref-127 "note 127")[\[128\]](../../page/6/#ref-128 "note 128") and the High Commissioner for Human Rights, [Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeid_bin_Ra%27ad), established an investigative body (OIOL) to report on human rights and rebuilding the Libyan justice system.[\[129\]](../../page/6/#ref-129 "note 129")[250](../../250/ "tree and pragmatics") Chaos-ridden Libya emerged as a major transit point for [people trying to reach Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis).[251](../../251/ "tree and pragmatics") Between 2013 and 2018, nearly 700,000 migrants reached Italy by boat, many of them from Libya.[\[130\]](../../page/6/#ref-130 "note 130")[\[131\]](../../page/6/#ref-131 "note 131")[252](../../252/ "tree and pragmatics") In May 2018 Libya's rival leaders agreed to hold parliamentary and presidential elections following a meeting in [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris) [corpus](../../../Paris/ "in our corpus").[\[132\]](../../page/6/#ref-132 "note 132")[253](../../253/ "tree and pragmatics") In April 2019, [Khalifa Haftar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar) launched [Operation Flood of Dignity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign), in an offensive by the [Libyan National Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_National_Army) aimed to seize Western territories from the [Government of National Accord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord) (GNA).[\[133\]](../../page/6/#ref-133 "note 133")[254](../../254/ "tree and pragmatics") In June 2019, forces allied to Libya's UN-recognised Government of National Accord successfully captured [Gharyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharyan), a strategic town where military commander Khalifa Haftar and his fighters were based.[255](../../255/ "tree and pragmatics") According to a spokesman for GNA forces, Mustafa al-Mejii, dozens of LNA fighters under Haftar were killed, while at least 18 were taken prisoner.[\[134\]](../../page/6/#ref-134 "note 134")[256](../../256/ "tree and pragmatics") In March 2020, Prime Minister of the GNA [Fayez Al-Sarraj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayez_al-Sarraj) commenced Operation Peace Storm.[257](../../257/ "tree and pragmatics") The government initiated the bid in response to the state of assaults carried by [Field Marshal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Marshal) [Haftar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar)'s [LNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_National_Army). "[258](../../258/ "tree and pragmatics") We are a legitimate, civilian government that respects its obligations to the international community, but is committed primarily to its people and has an obligation to protect its citizens," Sarraj said in line with his decision.[\[135\]](../../page/6/#ref-135 "note 135")[259](../../259/ "tree and pragmatics") On 28 August 2020, the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC) Africa Eye and BBC Arabic Documentaries revealed that a drone operated by the [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) [corpus](../../../United_Arab_Emirates/ "in our corpus") (UAE) killed 26 young cadets at a military academy in Tripoli, on 4 January.[260](../../260/ "tree and pragmatics") Most of the cadets were teenagers and none of them were armed.[261](../../261/ "tree and pragmatics") The Chinese-made drone [Wing Loong II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAIG_Wing_Loong_II) fired Blue Arrow 7 missile, which was operated from UAE-run Al-Khadim Libyan air base.[262](../../262/ "tree and pragmatics") In February, these drones stationed in Libya were moved to an air base near [Siwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis) in the western Egyptian desert.[\[136\]](../../page/6/#ref-136 "note 136")[263](../../263/ "tree and pragmatics") [The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) probed and discovered the blatant violation of [UN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) arms embargo by the UAE and [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) [corpus](../../../Turkey/ "in our corpus") on 7 October 2020.[264](../../264/ "tree and pragmatics") As per the reporting, both the nations sent large-scale military cargo planes to Libya in support of their respective parties.[\[137\]](../../page/6/#ref-137 "note 137")[265](../../265/ "tree and pragmatics") On 23 October 2020, [a permanent ceasefire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_peace_process) was signed to end the war.[\[138\]](../../page/6/#ref-138 "note 138")[266](../../266/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Post-civil war years (2020–present) Main article: [Libyan crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_crisis) In December 2021, the [country's first presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Libyan_presidential_election) was scheduled, but was delayed to June 2022[\[139\]](../../page/6/#ref-139 "note 139") and later postponed further.[267](../../267/ "tree and pragmatics") [Fathi Bashagha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathi_Bashagha) was appointed prime minister by the parliament in February 2022 to lead a transitional administration, but standing prime minister [Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Dbeibeh) refused to hand over power as of April 2022.[268](../../268/ "tree and pragmatics") In protest against the Dbeibah government, tribal leaders from the desert town of [Ubari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubari) shut down the [El Sharara oil field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Sharara_oil_field), Libya's largest oil field, on 18 April 2022.[269](../../269/ "tree and pragmatics") The shut down threatened to cause oil shortages domestically in Libya, and preclude the state-run National Oil Corp. from exploiting the increase in oil prices resulting from the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine).[\[140\]](../../page/6/#ref-140 "note 140")[270](../../270/ "tree and pragmatics") On 2 July, protesters stormed the parliament building in Tobruk and lit fires.[\[141\]](../../page/6/#ref-141 "note 141")[\[142\]](../../page/6/#ref-142 "note 142")[271](../../271/ "tree and pragmatics") On 10 September 2023, catastrophic floods due to [dam failures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derna_dam_collapses) generated by [Storm Daniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Daniel) devastated the port city of [Derna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derna,_Libya), killing more than 5,900 and possibly as many as 24,000.[\[143\]](../../page/6/#ref-143 "note 143")[272](../../272/ "tree and pragmatics") The floods were the worst natural disaster in Libya's modern history.[\[144\]](../../page/6/#ref-144 "note 144")[273](../../273/ "tree and pragmatics") In November 2024, the [Government of National Unity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_%28Libya%29) announced it would instate a morality police to crack-down on "weird haircuts", enforce "modest" clothing, and require male guardians for women.[\[145\]](../../page/6/#ref-145 "note 145")[274](../../274/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Geography Main article: [Geography of Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Libya), [Wildlife of Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Libya), [Climate change in Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Libya) Libya extends over 1759540 km2, making it the [16th-largest nation in the world by size](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area).[275](../../275/ "tree and pragmatics") Libya is bounded to the north by the [Mediterranean Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea), [the northwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya–Tunisia_border) by [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) [corpus](../../../Tunisia/ "in our corpus"), [the west](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria–Libya_border) by [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) [corpus](../../../Algeria/ "in our corpus"), [the southwest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya–Niger_border) by [Niger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) [corpus](../../../Niger/ "in our corpus"), [the south](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad–Libya_border) by [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) [corpus](../../../Chad/ "in our corpus"), [the southeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya–Sudan_border) by [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) [corpus](../../../Sudan/ "in our corpus"), and [the east](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Libya_border) by [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) [corpus](../../../Egypt/ "in our corpus"), as well as [maritime borders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_boundary) with [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece) [corpus](../../../Greece/ "in our corpus"), [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) [corpus](../../../Italy/ "in our corpus") and [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta) [corpus](../../../Malta/ "in our corpus") to the north.[276](../../276/ "tree and pragmatics") Libya lies between latitudes [19°](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_parallel_north) and [34°N](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_parallel_north), and longitudes [9°](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_meridian_east) and [26°E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_meridian_east). Libya comprises three historical regions: [Tripolitania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitania), [Fezzan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan), and [Cyrenaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica).[277](../../277/ "tree and pragmatics") At 1770 km, Libya's coastline is the longest of any [African country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa) bordering the Mediterranean.[\[146\]](../../page/6/#ref-146 "note 146")[\[147\]](../../page/6/#ref-147 "note 147")[278](../../278/ "tree and pragmatics") The portion of the Mediterranean Sea north of Libya is often called the [Libyan Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Sea).[279](../../279/ "tree and pragmatics") The climate is mostly extremely dry and desertlike in nature.[280](../../280/ "tree and pragmatics") However, the northern regions enjoy a milder [Mediterranean climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate).[\[148\]](../../page/6/#ref-148 "note 148")[281](../../281/ "tree and pragmatics") Six ecoregions lie within Libya's borders: [Saharan halophytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_halophytics), [Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_dry_woodlands_and_steppe), [Mediterranean woodlands and forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_woodlands_and_forests), [North Saharan steppe and woodlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands), [Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibesti-Jebel_Uweinat_montane_xeric_woodlands), and [West Saharan montane xeric woodlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Saharan_montane_xeric_woodlands).[\[149\]](../../page/6/#ref-149 "note 149")[282](../../282/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libya/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libya/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libya/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libya/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libya/page/6/) - ← previous: [page 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libya/page/2/) - next →: [page 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Libya/page/4/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)