--- title: Lima — English Wikipedia · full text with trees description: Wikipedia's «Lima», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Lima is the capital and largest city of Peru, as well as a primate city. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Lima # Lima From Wikipedia, [«Lima»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. The English Wikipedia article «Lima», whole: 66 sections, 692 sentences and 13850 words, its 155 notes at the end. The marks in brackets «[n]» are Wikipedia's own, each leading to its note and source; the small number after every sentence leads to the sentence's own page with its syntax tree and pragmatics, parsed by Mova itself. **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/7/) | Facts | | | --- | --- | | | **Lima** | | | **[Capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city)** | | | Flag Coat of arms | | | Nickname(s):; Ciudad de los Reyes (City of the Kings); La Tres Veces Coronada Villa (The Three Times Crowned Ville); La Perla del Pacífico (The Pearl of the Pacific) | | | Motto(s):; Hoc Signum Vere Regum Est ([Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language)); "This is the real sign of the [Kings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Magi)") | | | Anthem: [Himno de Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himno_de_Lima) | | | Coordinates: | | [Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Peru) | [Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Lima) | | [Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Peru) | [Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_Province) | | Founded by | [Francisco Pizarro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro) | | **Government** | | | • Type | [Municipalidad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality) | | • Body | [Municipality of Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Municipality_of_Lima) | | • [Mayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Lima) | [Renzo Reggiardo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Reggiardo) | | **Area** | | | • City | 2,672.3 km² (1,031.8 sq mi) | | • [Urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area) | 800 km² (309 sq mi) | | • Metro | 2,819.3 km² (1,088.5 sq mi) | | Elevation [\[1\]](page/7/#ref-1 "note 1") | 0 m (0 ft) | | **Population (2025)[\[2\]](page/7/#ref-2 "note 2")** | | | • City | 9,600,000 | | • Rank | [2nd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_America) in South America; [1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru) in Peru | | • Density | 3,592.4/km² (9,304.3/sq mi) | | • [Urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area) [\[3\]](page/7/#ref-3 "note 3") | 11,671,000 | | • Urban density | 14,588.8/km² (37,784.7/sq mi) | | • [Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area) [\[2\]](page/7/#ref-2 "note 2") | 11,445,928 | | • Metro density | 4,002.3/km² (10,365.9/sq mi) | | Demonym | Limeño/a | | **[GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP)** | | | • Year | 2023 | | • Total | $210.4 billion[\[4\]](page/7/#ref-4 "note 4") | | [Time zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone) | [UTC−05:00](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC−05:00) ([PET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_Time)) | | [UBIGEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBIGEO) | 15000 | | [Area code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan) | 1 | Lima[\[5\]](page/7/#ref-5 "note 5") is the [capital and largest city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru) of [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru) [corpus](../Peru/ "in our corpus"), as well as a [primate city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_city).[1](1/ "tree and pragmatics") It is located in the valleys of the [Chillón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillón_River), [Rímac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rímac_River) and [Lurín Rivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurín_River), in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean.[2](2/ "tree and pragmatics") The city is considered the political, cultural, financial and commercial center of Peru.[3](3/ "tree and pragmatics") Jurisdictionally, the metropolis extends mainly within the [province of Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Lima) and in a smaller portion, to the west, within the [Constitutional Province of Callao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Province_of_Callao), where the seaport and the [Jorge Chávez Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Chávez_Airport) are located.[4](4/ "tree and pragmatics") Both provinces have had regional autonomy since 2002.[5](5/ "tree and pragmatics") The 2023 census projection indicates that the city of Lima has an estimated population of 10,092,000 inhabitants, making it the [second-most populous city in South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Americas_by_population) after [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Paulo) and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world in terms of [city proper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_proper) population.[\[6\]](page/7/#ref-6 "note 6")[\[7\]](page/7/#ref-7 "note 7")[6](6/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Lima Metropolitan Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_Metropolitan_Area), which forms a contiguous urban area with the seaside city of [Callao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callao_District), has a population of 10,151,200 inhabitants.[\[6\]](page/7/#ref-6 "note 6")[\[8\]](page/7/#ref-8 "note 8")[7](7/ "tree and pragmatics") When considering the additional seven districts contained in the [Constitutional Province of Callao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callao), the total agglomeration reaches a population of 11,342,100 inhabitants, one of the [most populated urban agglomerations in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population).[8](8/ "tree and pragmatics") Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by [native Peruvians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Peruvians) as Limaq.[9](9/ "tree and pragmatics") It became the capital and most important city in the [Viceroyalty of Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru).[10](10/ "tree and pragmatics") Following the [Peruvian War of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence), it became the capital of the Republic of Peru.[11](11/ "tree and pragmatics") Around one-third of the national population now lives in its [metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_Metropolitan_Area).[12](12/ "tree and pragmatics") As the headquarters of the [Andean Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_Community), Lima plays a crucial role in regional diplomacy and trade integration.[13](13/ "tree and pragmatics") In October 2013, Lima was chosen to host the [2019 Pan American Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Pan_American_Games); these games were held at venues in and around Lima, and were the largest sporting event ever hosted by the country.[14](14/ "tree and pragmatics") The city will host the games for a second time in [2027](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_Pan_American_Games).[\[9\]](page/7/#ref-9 "note 9")[15](15/ "tree and pragmatics") It also hosted the [Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC) Meetings three times in 2008, 2016 and 2024; the [Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Meetings_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund_and_the_World_Bank_Group) in October 2015, the [United Nations Climate Change Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference) in December 2014, and the [Miss Universe 1982](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_1982) contest.[16](16/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Etymology According to an early Spanish article, the Lima area was once called Itchyma, after its original inhabitants.[17](17/ "tree and pragmatics") However, even before the [Inca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca) occupation of the area in the 15th century, a famous oracle in the [Rímac Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rímac_Valley) had come to be known by visitors as Limaq (Limaq, pronounced ˈli.mɑq, which means "talker" or "speaker" in the [coastal Quechua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_II) that was the area's primary language before the Spanish arrival).[18](18/ "tree and pragmatics") This oracle was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church, but the name persisted: the chronicles show "Límac" replacing "Ychma" as the common name for the area.[\[10\]](page/7/#ref-10 "note 10")[19](19/ "tree and pragmatics") Modern scholars speculate that the word "Lima" originated as the Spanish pronunciation of the native name Limaq.[20](20/ "tree and pragmatics") Linguistic evidence seems to support this theory, as spoken Spanish consistently rejects [stop consonants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonant) at the ends of words.[21](21/ "tree and pragmatics") The city was founded in 1535 under the name City of [Kings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Magi) (Ciudad de los Reyes), because its foundation was decided on January 6, date of the feast of the [Epiphany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_%28holiday%29).[22](22/ "tree and pragmatics") This name quickly fell into disuse, and Lima became the city's name of choice.[23](23/ "tree and pragmatics") After [José de San Martín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_de_San_Martín) reached Lima in 1821 during the [Peruvian War of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence), the city was granted the title of Heroica y Esforzada Ciudad de los Libres ("Heroic and Courageous City of the Free") in September of the same year.[\[11\]](page/7/#ref-11 "note 11")[24](24/ "tree and pragmatics") The river that flows through Lima is called [Rímac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rímac_River), and many people erroneously assume that this is because its original Inca name is "Talking River" (the Incas spoke a highland variety of Quechua, in which the word for "talker" was pronounced ˈrimɑq).[\[12\]](page/7/#ref-12 "note 12")[25](25/ "tree and pragmatics") However, the original inhabitants of the valley were not Incas.[26](26/ "tree and pragmatics") This name is an innovation arising from an effort by the [Cuzco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco) nobility in colonial times to standardize the toponym so that it would conform to the phonology of [Cuzco Quechua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco_Quechua).[27](27/ "tree and pragmatics") Later, as the original inhabitants died out and the local [Quechua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_languages) became extinct, the Cuzco pronunciation prevailed.[28](28/ "tree and pragmatics") Nowadays, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between the name of their city and the name of the river that runs through it.[29](29/ "tree and pragmatics") They often assume that the valley is named after the river; however, Spanish documents from the colonial period show the opposite to be true.[\[10\]](page/7/#ref-10 "note 10")[30](30/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Symbols ### Flag Main article: [Flag of Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Lima) The [Flag of Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Lima) is historically known as "Banner of the City of the Kings of Peru".[31](31/ "tree and pragmatics") It is formed by a [golden-colored](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_%28color%29) silk canvas and in the center is the embroidered coat of arms of the city.[\[13\]](page/7/#ref-13 "note 13")[32](32/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Coat of arms Main article: [Coat of arms of Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lima) The [coat of arms of Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lima) was granted by the [Spanish Crown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain) on 7 December 1537, through a [real cédula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_cédula) signed in [Valladolid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid) by [Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor) and his mother, Queen [Joanna of Castile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile).[33](33/ "tree and pragmatics") It is formed by a main field [azure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_%28heraldry%29), with three [gold crowns of kings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_%28heraldry%29) placed in a triangle and above them a gold star that touches the three crowns with its points, and in the [orle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orle_%28heraldry%29) some gold letters that say: Hoc signum vere regum est (This is the true sign of the kings).[34](34/ "tree and pragmatics") Outside the shield are the initials I and K (Ioana and Karolus), which are the names of Queen Joanna and her son Charles V. A star is placed above the letters and two crowned [sabre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre)-faced eagles embracing them, which hold the coat of arms.[35](35/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Anthem The anthem of Lima was heard for the first time on 18 January 2008, in a solemn session that was attended by the then [President of Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Peru) [Alan García](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_García), the mayor of the city [Luis Castañeda Lossio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Castañeda) and various authorities such as city councilors Luis Enrique Tord (author of the lyrics), Euding Maeshiro (composer of the melody) and the musical producer Ricardo Núñez (arranger).[\[14\]](page/7/#ref-14 "note 14")[36](36/ "tree and pragmatics") It was officially adopted on 7 October 2010.[\[15\]](page/7/#ref-15 "note 15")[37](37/ "tree and pragmatics") | Spanish original[\[16\]](page/7/#ref-16 "note 16") | English translation | | --- | --- | | **Coro:**; Lima, Lima; Corazón de las sangres del Perú,; Sagrado crisol inmortal de la nación; **Estrofa I**; Hermanos bajo el sol,; Bendecidos por tu cielo; Tu mar y tu herencia de esplendor; Gloriosa en nuestro amor; **Estrofa II**; Herederos de tu gloria; Juramos con honor; Mantener el fuego de tu alma; Promesa de nuestra unión; **Estrofa III**; Marchamos al futuro; Trazado por tu sol; Que señala el destino firme; De nuestra resolución | **Chorus:**; Lima, Lima; Heart of the bloodlines of Peru,; Sacred, immortal crucible of the nation.; **Verse I**; Brothers beneath the sun,; Blessed by your sky,; Your sea and your heritage of splendor,; Glorious in our love.; **Verse II**; Heirs to your glory,; We swear with honor; To keep alive the fire of your soul,; The promise of our unity.; **Verse III**; We march toward the future,; Shaped by your sun,; Which points toward the steadfast destiny; Of our resolve. | ## History Main article: [History of Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lima), [Timeline of Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Lima) ### Precolonial Although the history of the city of Lima began with its Spanish foundation in 1535, the territory formed by the valleys of the [Rímac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rímac_River), [Chillón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillón_River) and [Lurín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurín_River) rivers was occupied by pre-Inca settlements, which were grouped under the [Lordship of Ichma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichma_culture).[\[17\]](page/7/#ref-17 "note 17")[38](38/ "tree and pragmatics") The Maranga culture and the [Lima culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_culture) were the ones that established and forged an identity in these territories.[39](39/ "tree and pragmatics") During those times, the sanctuaries of Lati (current [Puruchuco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puruchuco)) and [Pachacámac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachacámac) (the main pilgrimage sanctuary during the time of the Incas) were built, it was built from 3rd century to 15th century by several civilizations, and which was used even until the time the [Spanish conquistadors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador) arrived.[40](40/ "tree and pragmatics") These cultures were conquered by the [Wari Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari_culture) during the height of its imperial expansion.[41](41/ "tree and pragmatics") It is during this time that the ceremonial center of [Cajamarquilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajamarquilla) was built.[\[18\]](page/7/#ref-18 "note 18")[\[19\]](page/7/#ref-19 "note 19")[42](42/ "tree and pragmatics") As Wari importance declined, local cultures regained autonomy, highlighting the [Chancay culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancay_culture).[43](43/ "tree and pragmatics") Later, in the 15th century, these territories were incorporated into the [Inca Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire).[\[20\]](page/7/#ref-20 "note 20")[44](44/ "tree and pragmatics") From this time we can find a great variety of [huacas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaca) throughout the city, some of which are under investigation.[45](45/ "tree and pragmatics") The most important or well-known huacas are those of [Huallamarca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaca_Huallamarca), [Pucllana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaca_Pucllana), and Mateo Salado, all located in the middle of Lima districts with very high urban growth, so they are surrounded by business and residential buildings; however, that does not prevent its perfect state of conservation.[46](46/ "tree and pragmatics") During the time of the Incas, the valley of Lima was highly populated and organized into an Inca province, or huamani (wamani), called Pachacamac.[47](47/ "tree and pragmatics") The colonial Spanish historian [Bernabé Cobo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernabé_Cobo) mentions that the huamani of Pachacamac was subdivided into three hunu of tributary men, rather than the conventional four hunu.[48](48/ "tree and pragmatics") It has also been argued that a fourth hunu may have existed but was not recorded.[\[21\]](page/7/#ref-21 "note 21")[49](49/ "tree and pragmatics") The primary meaning of the word hunu in Quechua is 10,000, leading to the assumption that 30,000 families lived in the valley.[50](50/ "tree and pragmatics") This assumption has been criticized, including by the historian Åke Wedin, because hunu can also mean countless, and therefore could simply refer to a very large group of men.[51](51/ "tree and pragmatics") The scholar [John Rowe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howland_Rowe) suggested that the valley had a population of about 150,000 during Inca times.[\[22\]](page/7/#ref-22 "note 22")[52](52/ "tree and pragmatics") Whatever the case, each recorded hunu of Pachacamac had a head town, corresponding to some of the most populated settlements in the valley: Caraguayllo ([Carabayllo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabayllo_District)), Maranga, and Surco (or Sulco, also known as the archaeological site Armatambo).[\[21\]](page/7/#ref-21 "note 21")[53](53/ "tree and pragmatics") ... this valley was divided, according to the government of the Inca kings, into three 'unos' or governorships of ten thousand families each; the town of Caraguayllo was the head of the first; that of Maranga, which is situated in the middle of the valley, of the second, and the third, that of Surco; this last town was the largest of all ...[\[23\]](page/7/#ref-23 "note 23")[54](54/ "tree and pragmatics") The inhabitants of the pre-Columbian town of Surco were relocated to the modern district of Santiago de Surco early in the colonial period.[55](55/ "tree and pragmatics") In addition to Aymara and Quechua, the inhabitants of the northern part of the valley, specifically in the hunu of Carabayllo, spoke an additional language believed to be [Quingnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quingnam).[\[24\]](page/7/#ref-24 "note 24")[56](56/ "tree and pragmatics") Regarding the pre-Hispanic settlement of Lima, it is recorded that this part of the valley, near the Rimac river, was administered by a curaca, or local lord, named Taulichusco.[57](57/ "tree and pragmatics") He was a former [yana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanakuna), or servant, of Mama Vilo, one of the wives of Emperor Huayna Capac.[58](58/ "tree and pragmatics") Lima was awarded to Taulichusco in recognition of his services to the Inca royalty.[59](59/ "tree and pragmatics") Some of Peru's most important buildings were erected on the sites of major constructions of the pre-Hispanic settlement.[60](60/ "tree and pragmatics") For example, the residential palace of Taulichusco was located where the modern [Palacio de Gobierno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Gobierno) of Peru stands today.[61](61/ "tree and pragmatics") A temple called Puma Inti once occupied the site where the [Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima) is now, and the [Municipal Theater of Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Municipal_de_Lima) is situated where a pre-Columbian structure, referred to as Huaca El Cabildo by the Spaniards, once stood.[62](62/ "tree and pragmatics") These buildings were centered around a plaza, which was later expanded to become the [Plaza Mayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Lima).[63](63/ "tree and pragmatics") The Huaca de Aliaga and Huaca Riquelme were other major buildings near the plaza.[64](64/ "tree and pragmatics") Other nearby constructions included the temple-oracle of Rímac, one of the main places of worship in the valley, also known as the so-called "huaca grande" that once stood in [Barrios Altos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_Altos).[\[25\]](page/7/#ref-25 "note 25")[65](65/ "tree and pragmatics") **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/7/) - next →: [page 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/2/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)