---
title: This assumption has been criticized, including by the historian Åke… — Lima · tree and pragmatics
description: This assumption has been criticized, including by the historian Åke Wedin, because hunu can also mean countless, and therefore could simply refer to a very large group of men. Who acts: Åke, hunu. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Lima» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Lima, sentence 51

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From Wikipedia, [«Lima»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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This assumption has been criticized, including by the historian Åke Wedin, because hunu can also mean countless, and therefore could simply refer to a very large group of men.

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**Who acts:** Åke, hunu · **What happens:** criticize, include, mean, refer · **To what, where:** assumption

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Lima». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Åke, hunu), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Lima:51
# text = This assumption has been criticized, including by the historian Åke Wedin, because hunu can also mean countless, and therefore could simply refer to a very large group of men.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	assumption	assumption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	criticized	criticize	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	including	include	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	case	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	historian	historian	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	Åke	Åke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl:agent	_	_
12	Wedin	Wedin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
14	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
15	hunu	hunu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
16	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
17	also	also	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	parataxis	_	_
19	countless	countless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
22	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
23	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
24	simply	simply	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
25	refer	refer	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
26	to	to	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
27	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
28	very	very	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	_
29	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **criticize** | present · perfect · passive | Åke | this assumption |  |  |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 2 | **include** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | by the historian | vn admit-64.3-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent by historian=Location |
| 3 | **mean** | can | hunu |  |  |  |  | countless *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **refer** | could | Åke *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to a large group of men; simply, therefore *property* | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to group=Co-Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Lima», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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