--- title: Lima — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 7 description: Wikipedia's «Lima», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Lima is the capital and largest city of Peru, as well as a primate city. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Lima # Lima · page 7 From Wikipedia, [«Lima»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/6/) **7** ### Corredores Complementarios Bus System Main article: [Corredores complementarios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corredores_complementarios) The [Integrated Transport System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Transport_System) (SIT), is a bus system developed by the local government to reorganize the current system of routes that has become chaotic.[528](../../528/ "tree and pragmatics") One of the main goals of the SIT is to reduce the number of urban routes, renew the bus fleet currently operating by many private companies and to reduce (and eventually replace) most "combis" from the city.[529](../../529/ "tree and pragmatics") As of July 2020, SIT currently operates 16 routes: [San Martin de Porres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Martín_de_Porres_District) – [Surco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Surco) (107) [Ate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate_District) – [San Miguel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_District,_Lima) (201, 202,204,206 and 209), [Rimac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rímac_District) – [Surco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Surco) (301,302,303 and 306), [San Juan de Lurigancho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_de_Lurigancho) – [Magdalena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_del_Mar_District) (404,405,409,412), and [Downtown Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_District) – [San Miguel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_District,_Lima)(508)[530](../../530/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Colectivos [Colectivos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colectivo) render express service on some major roads.[531](../../531/ "tree and pragmatics") The colectivos signal their specific destination with a sign on their windshield.[532](../../532/ "tree and pragmatics") Their routes are not generally publicitized but are understood by frequent users.[533](../../533/ "tree and pragmatics") The cost is generally higher than public transport; however, they cover greater distances at greater speeds due to the lack of stops.[534](../../534/ "tree and pragmatics") This service is informal and is illegal.[\[131\]](../../page/7/#ref-131 "note 131")[535](../../535/ "tree and pragmatics") Some people in the periphery use so-called "mototaxis" for short distances.[536](../../536/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Metropolitan Transport System The Metropolitan Transport System or [El Metropolitano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Metropolitano) is a new, integrated system, consisting of a network of buses that run in exclusive corridors under the Bus Rapid Transit system (BRT).[537](../../537/ "tree and pragmatics") The goal is to reduce passengers' commute times, protect the environment, provide improved security and overall quality of service.[538](../../538/ "tree and pragmatics") Metropolitano was executed with funds from the City of Lima and financing from the [Inter-American Development Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank) and the [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank).[539](../../539/ "tree and pragmatics") Metropolitana is the first BRT system to operate with natural gas, seeking to reduce air pollution.[\[132\]](../../page/7/#ref-132 "note 132")[540](../../540/ "tree and pragmatics") This system links the principal points of the Lima Metropolitan Area.[541](../../541/ "tree and pragmatics") The first phase of this project has 33 km of line (north) to [Chorrillos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorrillos_District) (south).[542](../../542/ "tree and pragmatics") It began commercial operations on 28 July 2010.[543](../../543/ "tree and pragmatics") Since 2014, Lima Council operates the "Sistema Integrado de Transporte Urbano" (Urban integrated transport system), which comprises buses over [Avenida Arequipa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenida_Arequipa).[\[133\]](../../page/7/#ref-133 "note 133")[544](../../544/ "tree and pragmatics") By the end of 2012, the Metropolitano system counted 244 buses in its central routes and 179 buses in its feeding routes.[545](../../545/ "tree and pragmatics") Weekday use averages 437,148 passengers.[546](../../546/ "tree and pragmatics") Usage increased since 2011 by 28.2% for weekdays, 29.1% for Saturdays and 33.3% for Sundays.[\[123\]](../../page/7/#ref-123 "note 123")[547](../../547/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Metro The [Lima Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_Metro) is expected to have six lines.[548](../../548/ "tree and pragmatics") As of 2024, there are two lines running and a third under construction.[549](../../549/ "tree and pragmatics") The other lines are in the Ministry of Transportation's investment portfolio for the next 5 years.[550](../../550/ "tree and pragmatics") Line 1 has twenty six passenger stations, with an average separation of 1.2 km.[551](../../551/ "tree and pragmatics") It begins in the Industrial Park of Villa El Salvador, south of the city, continuing on to Av.[552](../../552/ "tree and pragmatics") Pachacútec in Villa María del Triunfo and then to Av.[553](../../553/ "tree and pragmatics") Los Héroes in San Juan de Miraflores, then through Av.[554](../../554/ "tree and pragmatics") Tomás Marsano in Surco to reach Ov.[555](../../555/ "tree and pragmatics") Los Cabitos, to Av.[556](../../556/ "tree and pragmatics") [Aviación](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenida_Aviación) and then cross the river Rimac to finish, after almost 35 km, in the east of the capital in [San Juan de Lurigancho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_de_Lurigancho).[557](../../557/ "tree and pragmatics") The system operates 24 trains, each with six wagons.[558](../../558/ "tree and pragmatics") Each wagon has the capacity to transport 233 people.[559](../../559/ "tree and pragmatics") The metro system began operating in December 2012 and transported 78,224 people on average on a daily basis.[\[123\]](../../page/7/#ref-123 "note 123")[560](../../560/ "tree and pragmatics") Line 2 of the metro has a first stage already working, the expansion of the line it's being delivered in 2026, along with a portion of line 4 that will be connecting the airport to the metro system.[561](../../561/ "tree and pragmatics") Line 3 and expansion of line 4 are now in the pre bid stage to be done in 2025.[562](../../562/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Other transportation issues Lima has high traffic congestion, especially at peak hours.[563](../../563/ "tree and pragmatics") 1.397 million vehicles were in use by the end of 2012.[564](../../564/ "tree and pragmatics") The region operates 65.3% of the cars in the country.[\[123\]](../../page/7/#ref-123 "note 123")[565](../../565/ "tree and pragmatics") The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) offered economic incentives for municipalities to implement bicycle routes in their districts.[566](../../566/ "tree and pragmatics") Recreational bike lanes can be found in 39 districts.[567](../../567/ "tree and pragmatics") The Proyecto Especial Metropolitano de Transporte No Motorizado (PEMTNM) estimates that more than a million and a half people used the bike lanes in 2012.[568](../../568/ "tree and pragmatics") The bike lanes ran for 71 km.[569](../../569/ "tree and pragmatics") They estimate that the use of the bike lanes prevented the emission of 526 tons of carbon dioxide in 2012.[\[123\]](../../page/7/#ref-123 "note 123")[570](../../570/ "tree and pragmatics") San Borja district was the first to implement a bikeshare program called San Borja en Bici.[571](../../571/ "tree and pragmatics") It supplied 200 bicycles and six stations across the district (two of them connecting with the Metro).[572](../../572/ "tree and pragmatics") By December 2012, the program had 2,776 subscribers.[\[134\]](../../page/7/#ref-134 "note 134")[573](../../573/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Challenges ### Environment #### Air Lima suffers from significant [air pollution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution).[574](../../574/ "tree and pragmatics") The microscopic sediment contained within engine exhaust and industrial emissions floats in the air for extended periods of time, either continuing as air pollution or eventually coming to settle as dust upon different urban surfaces.[575](../../575/ "tree and pragmatics") The fine particles are the most dangerous, as if inhaled, are able to damage the human [respiratory system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system).[576](../../576/ "tree and pragmatics") The recommended limit of these particles by the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) is 5 tons/km2/month.[577](../../577/ "tree and pragmatics") In February 2014, Lima recorded an average of 15.2 tons/km2.[578](../../578/ "tree and pragmatics") The two districts with the highest concentration of sedimentary dust are El Agustino (46.1 tons/km2) and Independencia (25.5 tons/km2) in February 2014.[\[123\]](../../page/7/#ref-123 "note 123")[\[135\]](../../page/7/#ref-135 "note 135")[579](../../579/ "tree and pragmatics") Lima has built [billboards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard) which serve as [air purifiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_purifier).[\[136\]](../../page/7/#ref-136 "note 136")[580](../../580/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Water The permissible limit of lead in the water supply is 0.05 milligrams per liter, according to the Norm ITINTEC.[581](../../581/ "tree and pragmatics") In January 2014, the concentration of minerals in water treatment facilities of [SEDAPAL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEDAPAL) was 0.051 iron, 0.005 lead, 0.0012 cadmium and 0.0810 aluminum.[582](../../582/ "tree and pragmatics") These values increased 15.9% and 33.3% in iron and cadmium with respect to January 2013 and a decrease of 16.7% and 12.4% in lead and aluminum.[583](../../583/ "tree and pragmatics") The values are within the recommended limits.[\[135\]](../../page/7/#ref-135 "note 135")[584](../../584/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Solid waste The amount of solid waste produced per capita in Lima is about 0.7 kg per day.[585](../../585/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2012, each resident produced 273.36 kg of solid waste.[586](../../586/ "tree and pragmatics") The district municipalities only collect about 67% of the solid waste they generate.[587](../../587/ "tree and pragmatics") The rest ends up in informal landfills, rivers, or the ocean.[588](../../588/ "tree and pragmatics") Three municipalities recycle 20% or more of their waste.[\[48\]](../../page/7/#ref-48 "note 48")[589](../../589/ "tree and pragmatics") #### COVID-19 Lima has a population of about 10 million people.[590](../../590/ "tree and pragmatics") This equates to one-third of the overall population of the nation.[591](../../591/ "tree and pragmatics") Lima was subjected to a lengthy period of confinement or quarantine that lasted more than four months.[592](../../592/ "tree and pragmatics") However, in May 2020, the process of restoring activities began as part of the national government's economic reactivation strategy.[\[137\]](../../page/7/#ref-137 "note 137")[\[138\]](../../page/7/#ref-138 "note 138")[593](../../593/ "tree and pragmatics") Lima's [green recovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_recovery) is based on bringing services closer to the most vulnerable people, with the goal of creating a green, wealthy, and equitable city for all.[594](../../594/ "tree and pragmatics") The municipality has an aim of implementing sustainable infrastructure to limit the development of [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19) through the execution of 46 km of rising bike routes.[\[137\]](../../page/7/#ref-137 "note 137")[\[138\]](../../page/7/#ref-138 "note 138")[595](../../595/ "tree and pragmatics") Lima is one of over 10,000 cities from all around the world that make up the [Global Covenant of Mayors.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Covenant_of_Mayors_for_Climate_&_Energy)[\[137\]](../../page/7/#ref-137 "note 137")[\[139\]](../../page/7/#ref-139 "note 139")[596](../../596/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Access to basic services In Lima, 93% of households have access to water supply in their homes.[597](../../597/ "tree and pragmatics") In addition, 92% of homes connect with sewage systems.[598](../../598/ "tree and pragmatics") 99.6% of homes have grid electric service.[599](../../599/ "tree and pragmatics") Although most households have water and sewage systems, some are available for only a few hours a day.[\[123\]](../../page/7/#ref-123 "note 123")[600](../../600/ "tree and pragmatics") One and a half million inhabitants have no access to drinking water.[601](../../601/ "tree and pragmatics") The water problem mainly affects the outlying areas of the capital.[602](../../602/ "tree and pragmatics") The story of water in Lima is one of inequality.[603](../../603/ "tree and pragmatics") In the most affluent districts, per capita water consumption stands at 350 liters per day.[604](../../604/ "tree and pragmatics") In the poorest neighborhoods, it's between 20 and 70 liters a day.[\[140\]](../../page/7/#ref-140 "note 140")[\[141\]](../../page/7/#ref-141 "note 141")[605](../../605/ "tree and pragmatics") About 1.7 million residents are not connected to the drinking water system and are forced to buy water from tankers, even though it is not always safe to drink.[606](../../606/ "tree and pragmatics") The problem of access to water continues to worsen due to drought, pollution, poor infrastructure, overexploitation by large companies and intensive agriculture.[\[142\]](../../page/7/#ref-142 "note 142")[607](../../607/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Safety The perception of safety varies by district.[608](../../608/ "tree and pragmatics") For example, San Isidro has the lowest perception of being unsafe (21.4%), while Rimac has the highest perception of insecurity (85%), according to a 2012 survey.[609](../../609/ "tree and pragmatics") The five districts with the lowest perception of insecurity are San Isidro, San Borja, Miraflores, La Molina and Jesus Maria.[610](../../610/ "tree and pragmatics") The districts with the highest perception of insecurity are Rimac, San Juan de Miraflores, La Victoria, Comas and Ate.[\[143\]](../../page/7/#ref-143 "note 143")[611](../../611/ "tree and pragmatics") Overall, 40% of the population in Lima above 15 years old has been a crime victim.[612](../../612/ "tree and pragmatics") The younger population (ages 15 to 29 years old) has the highest victimization rate (47.9%).[\[48\]](../../page/7/#ref-48 "note 48")[613](../../613/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2012, citizens reported thefts (47.9%): in homes or establishments (19.4%), robbery or attack (14.9%), gang aggression (5.7%), among others in lesser frequency.[614](../../614/ "tree and pragmatics") The districts with the highest level of victimization are Rimac, El Agustino, Villa El Salvador, San Juan de Lurigancho and Los Olivos.[615](../../615/ "tree and pragmatics") The safest districts by level of victimization are Lurin, Lurigancho-Chosica, San Borja, Magdalena and Surquillo.[616](../../616/ "tree and pragmatics") These districts do not necessarily correspond to the districts with highest or lowest perception of insecurity.[\[143\]](../../page/7/#ref-143 "note 143")[617](../../617/ "tree and pragmatics") While the police force is nationally controlled and funded, each district in Lima has a community policing structure called Serenazgo.[618](../../618/ "tree and pragmatics") The quantity of Serenazgos officials and resources varies by district.[619](../../619/ "tree and pragmatics") For example, Villa Maria del Triunfo has 5,785 citizens per official.[620](../../620/ "tree and pragmatics") Twenty-two districts in Lima have a ratio above 1000 citizens per Serenazgo official, while 14 districts have ratios below 200 citizens per official, including Miraflores with 119 and San Isidro with 57.[\[48\]](../../page/7/#ref-48 "note 48")[621](../../621/ "tree and pragmatics") The satisfaction with the Serenazgos also varies greatly by district.[622](../../622/ "tree and pragmatics") The highest satisfaction rates can be found in San Isidro (88.3%), Miraflores (81.6%), San Borja (77%) and Surco (75%).[623](../../623/ "tree and pragmatics") The lowest satisfaction rates can be found in Villa Maria del Triunfo (11%), San Juan de Miraflores (14.8%), Rimac (16.3%) and La Victoria (20%).[\[143\]](../../page/7/#ref-143 "note 143")[624](../../624/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Notable people See also: [List of people from Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Lima) ## Twin towns – sister cities See also: [List of twin towns and sister cities in South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_South_America) Lima is [twinned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city) with:[625](../../625/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Cardiff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff), [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales)[626](../../626/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Akhisar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhisar), Turkey[\[144\]](../../page/7/#ref-144 "note 144")[627](../../627/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Asunción](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunción) [corpus](../../../Asunción/ "in our corpus"), Paraguay[\[145\]](../../page/7/#ref-145 "note 145")[628](../../628/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas), United States[\[146\]](../../page/7/#ref-146 "note 146")[629](../../629/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) [corpus](../../../Beijing/ "in our corpus"), China[630](../../630/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Bogotá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogotá) [corpus](../../../Bogotá/ "in our corpus"), Colombia[631](../../631/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Bordeaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux), France[632](../../632/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Buenos Aires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires) [corpus](../../../Buenos_Aires/ "in our corpus"), Argentina[\[147\]](../../page/7/#ref-147 "note 147")[633](../../633/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Caracas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas) [corpus](../../../Caracas/ "in our corpus"), Venezuela[634](../../634/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland), United States[\[148\]](../../page/7/#ref-148 "note 148")[635](../../635/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Guadalajara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara), Mexico[\[149\]](../../page/7/#ref-149 "note 149")[636](../../636/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Karaçoban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaçoban), Turkey[\[150\]](../../page/7/#ref-150 "note 150")[637](../../637/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kyiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv) [corpus](../../../Kyiv/ "in our corpus"), Ukraine[638](../../638/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid) [corpus](../../../Madrid/ "in our corpus"), Spain[\[151\]](../../page/7/#ref-151 "note 151")[639](../../639/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mexico City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City) [corpus](../../../Mexico_City/ "in our corpus"), Mexico[640](../../640/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami), United States[641](../../641/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal), Canada[642](../../642/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Pescara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescara), Italy[\[144\]](../../page/7/#ref-144 "note 144")[643](../../643/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Santa Ana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Costa_Rica), Costa Rica[\[152\]](../../page/7/#ref-152 "note 152")[644](../../644/ "tree and pragmatics") - [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Paulo), Brazil[645](../../645/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai), China[\[153\]](../../page/7/#ref-153 "note 153")[646](../../646/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Stamford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut), United States[\[154\]](../../page/7/#ref-154 "note 154")[647](../../647/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Taipei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei) [corpus](../../../Taipei/ "in our corpus"), Taiwan[\[155\]](../../page/7/#ref-155 "note 155")[648](../../648/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Tegucigalpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa) [corpus](../../../Tegucigalpa/ "in our corpus"), Honduras[649](../../649/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [Largest cities in the Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_cities_in_the_Americas) [List of people from Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Lima) [List of sites of interest in the Lima Metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sites_of_interest_in_the_Lima_Metropolitan_area) ### Works cited - Andrien, Kenneth J. (1985). "[650](../../650/ "tree and pragmatics") Crisis and Decline: The Viceroyalty of Peru in the Seventeenth Century".[651](../../651/ "tree and pragmatics") University of New Mexico Press.[652](../../652/ "tree and pragmatics") - Anna, Timothy E. (1979). "[653](../../653/ "tree and pragmatics") The Fall of the Royal Government in Peru".[654](../../654/ "tree and pragmatics") University of Nebraska Press.[655](../../655/ "tree and pragmatics") - Conlee, Christina; Dulanto, Jalh; Mackay, Carol; Stanish, Charles (2004). "[656](../../656/ "tree and pragmatics") Andean archaeology".[657](../../657/ "tree and pragmatics") Blackwell.[658](../../658/ "tree and pragmatics") - Dietz, Henry A. (1 January 1980). "[659](../../659/ "tree and pragmatics") Poverty and Problem-Solving Under Military Rule: The Urban Poor in Lima, Peru".[660](../../660/ "tree and pragmatics") University of Texas Press.[661](../../661/ "tree and pragmatics") - Hemming, John (1 January 1970). "[662](../../662/ "tree and pragmatics") The Conquest of the Incas".[663](../../663/ "tree and pragmatics") Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.[664](../../664/ "tree and pragmatics") - Higgins, James (January 2005). "[665](../../665/ "tree and pragmatics") Lima: A Cultural History".[666](../../666/ "tree and pragmatics") Oxford University Press.[667](../../667/ "tree and pragmatics") - Klarén, Peter F.[668](../../668/ "tree and pragmatics") (2000). "[669](../../669/ "tree and pragmatics") Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes".[670](../../670/ "tree and pragmatics") Oxford University Press.[671](../../671/ "tree and pragmatics") - Ramón, Gabriel (2002). "[672](../../672/ "tree and pragmatics") Planning Latin America's Capital Cities, 1850-1950".[673](../../673/ "tree and pragmatics") Psychology Press.[674](../../674/ "tree and pragmatics") - Walker, Charles (2003). "[675](../../675/ "tree and pragmatics") [The Upper Classes and Their Upper Stories: Architecture and the Aftermath of the Lima Earthquake of 1746](http://hahr.dukejournals.org/content/83/1/53)".[676](../../676/ "tree and pragmatics") Hispanic American Historical Review.[677](../../677/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Further reading ### General - Nota etimológica: El topónimo Lima, Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú[678](../../678/ "tree and pragmatics") - Lima Monumento Histórico, Margarita Cubillas Soriano, Lima, 1996[679](../../679/ "tree and pragmatics") ### History - Higgins, James (editor).[680](../../680/ "tree and pragmatics") The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts, 2014.[681](../../681/ "tree and pragmatics") Online at [Jhemanperu](https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu)[682](../../682/ "tree and pragmatics") - Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.[683](../../683/ "tree and pragmatics") Lima Metropolitana perfil socio-demográfico.[684](../../684/ "tree and pragmatics") Lima: INEI, 1996.[685](../../685/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Demographics - Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil Sociodemográfico del Perú.[686](../../686/ "tree and pragmatics") Lima: INEI, 2008.[687](../../687/ "tree and pragmatics") - United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Urban Agglomerations 2007.[688](../../688/ "tree and pragmatics") New York (June 2008).[689](../../689/ "tree and pragmatics") - INEI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática) (2023). "[690](../../690/ "tree and pragmatics") [Situación de la Población Peruana: Una mirada hacia los jóvenes 202n](https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1911/libro.pdf)".[691](../../691/ "tree and pragmatics") Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.[692](../../692/ "tree and pragmatics") ## External links () [1.40 gigapixel image of Lima](http://www.gigapan.org/gigapans/60314/) [Anniversary of Lima and Serenade of Lima](https://machupicchu-tours.com/blog/lima/anniversary-of-lima/) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Lima/page/6/) **7** ## References {#references} 1\. "[Peru Altitude](http://www.machupicchu-inca.com/peru-altitude.html)". 2\. "[Censos Nacionales 2025: Lima Metropolitana continúa siendo la provincia más poblada](https://www.gob.pe/institucion/inei/noticias/1417313-censos-nacionales-2025-lima-metropolitana-continua-siendo-la-provincia-mas-poblada)". *Plataforma del Estado Peruano*. 3\. "[Lima, Peru Metro Area Population (1950-2026)](https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/22078/lima/population)". *MacroTrends*. 4\. "[TelluBase—Peru Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)](https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_per.pdf)". Tellusant. 5\. /ˈliːmə/ *LEE-mə*; ˈlima), founded in 1535 as the **Ciudad de los Reyes** (sjuˈða(ð) ðe los ˈreʝes, Spanish for "City of [Kings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Magi)" 6\. INEI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática) 2023, p. 23 7\. "[America: Population Statistics in Maps and Charts for Cities, Agglomerations and Administrative Divisions of all Countries in America](https://www.citypopulation.de/America.html)". *www.citypopulation.de*. 8\. This includes the 43 districts of the Lima province 9\. Orlando, Alexandra (2025-02-20). "[OFFICIAL CONTRACT SIGNED BETWEEN PANAM SPORTS AND LIMA 2027](https://www.panamsports.org/en/news-sport/official-contract-signed-between-panam-sports-and-lima-2027/)". *Panam Sports*. 10\. "[Limaq](http://aymara.org/biblio/lima_etimologia.pdf)". 11\. "[Ciudad de los libres](https://www.elperuano.pe/noticia/57140-ciudad-de-los-libres)". *[El Peruano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Peruano)*. 2017-06-29. 12\. "[El origen del nombre de nuestra capital](http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/blogderedaccion/2012/04/22/el-origen-del-nombre-de-nuestra-capital/)" \[The origin of the name of our capital\]. Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. 22 April 2012. 13\. "[Ciudad de Lima](http://heralatin.t35.com/peru/lima.html)". *Heráldica Latinoamericana*. 14\. "[Lima tiene dos himnos que nadie ha escuchado](http://peru21.pe/noticia/75506/lima-tiene-dos-himnos-que-nadie-ha-escuchado)". *Perú.21*. 2008. 15\. Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima Alcaldia. "[Acuerdo de Concejo No. 366](https://simbolospatrios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/ACUERDO-N-366-2010_Himno.pdf)". *Proyecto Símbolos Patrios*. 16\. "[Himno de Lima](https://simbolospatrios.pe/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/HIMNO-DE-LIMA-letra.pdf)". *Proyecto Símbolos Patrios*. 17\. Conlee, Dulanto, Mackay, Stanish , p. 218. 18\. "[Cajamarquilla Archaeological Site - World Monuments Watch - 2006](https://www.wmf.org/project/cajamarquilla-archaeological-site)". *[World Monuments Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund)*. 19\. James Higgins (2005). "[Lima: A Cultural History](https://books.google.com/books?id=YErY-1GD7o8C&dq=Lima:+A+cultural+history&pg=PP1)". [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press). 20\. Alberto Colán Falcón. "[Identidad - Cultura Chancay](https://es.calameo.com/read/0005981349455e89ae19a)". 21\. Díaz, Luisa; Vallejo, Francisco (2002-04-09). "[Armatambo y el dominio incaico en el valle de Lima](https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/boletindearqueologia/article/view/1856)". *Boletín de Arqueología PUCP*. 22\. Gonzáles, César W. Astuhuamán (2011-01-01). "[The concept of Inca province at Tawantinsuyu](https://journals.iai.spk-berlin.de/index.php/indiana/article/view/2002)". *INDIANA - Estudios Antropológicos sobre América Latina y el Caribe*. 23\. Cobo, Bernabé (1882). "[Historia de la fundación de Lima](https://books.google.com/books?id=opOPx386EzYC&pg=PA42)". Imprenta liberal. 24\. "[Lenguas supérstites del Tahuantinsuyo](https://elperuano.pe/noticia/86091-lenguas-superstites-del-tahuantinsuyo)". *elperuano.pe*. 25\. Guzmán-García, Carlos Enrique (2012-01-01). "[REDESCUBRIENDO LIMA INCA, Carlos Enrique Guzmán (2012)](https://www.academia.edu/50845131)". *Arquivisión*. 26\. "[Historia de la Fundación de Lima](https://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/Exposiciones/FundLima/fundacion/fundacion_Lima.htm)". [National University of San Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos). 27\. Squier, E. George (1878). "[Peru: Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas](https://books.google.com/books?id=MmrhAybM6lMC&pg=PA34)". [Macmillan Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Inc.). 28\. "[Lima, City of Kings](https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/peru/peru/lima.php)". *brown.edu*. 29\. Ralph Francis Bennett - Center for Renaissance and Baroque Studies (1986). "[Settlements in the Americas: Cross-cultural Perspectives](https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-9m2UTFCGkC&dq=Settlements%20in%20the%20Americas%3A%20Cross-Cultural%20Perspectives&pg=PP1)". [University of Delaware Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delaware_Press). 30\. Rostworowski, María (2017-12-28). "[Doña Francisca Pizarro: Una ilustre mestiza 1534-1598](https://books.google.com/books?id=xDtFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22)". Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. 31\. Tolla, Enrique Bonilla di (2009). "[Lima and El Callao - An Architectural and Landscape Guide](https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/export/drupaljda/publicacion/21/05/60acb153b9883-guia_lima_y_callao.pdf)". Universidad Ricardo Palma. 32\. Charles Walker (2003). "[The Upper Classes and Their Upper Stories: Architecture and the Aftermath of the Lima Earthquake of 1746](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/38926)". *Hispanic American Historical Review*. Hispanic American Historical Review - [Duke University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press). 33\. Pe, vis. com. "[Reseña Histórica del Congreso](https://www.congreso.gob.pe/historia/)". *Congreso de la República del Perú*. 34\. Basadre, Jorge (2002). "[La iniciación de la república: contribución al estudio de la evolución política y social del Perú](https://books.google.com/books?id=OYNKyacn2CkC)". Universidad Nacional de San Marcos. 35\. John Carlos Rowe (2000). "[Literary Culture and U.S. Imperialism. From the Revolution to World War II](https://books.google.com/books?id=s53mCwAAQBAJ&dq=walls+of+lima+demolished&pg=PA436)". [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press). 36\. (no text) 37\. Kathya Araujo (2009). "[Dignos de su arte: sujeto y lazo social en el Perú de las primeras décadas del siglo XX](https://books.google.com/books?id=oW_7r0lptNQC&dq=Dignos%20de%20su%20arte%3A%20Sujeto%20y%20lazo%20social%20en%20el%20Per%C3%BA%20de%20las%20primeras%20d%C3%A9cadas%20del%20siglo%20XX&pg=PA1)". Iberoamericana Editorial. 38\. Ascensión Martínez Riaza (2006). "["A pesar del gobierno": españoles en el Perú, 1879-1939](https://books.google.com/books?id=o4mSxP9ckEkC&dq=%C2%ABA%20pesar%20del%20gobierno%C2%BB%3A%20Espa%C3%B1oles%20en%20el%20Per%C3%BA%2C%201879-1939&pg=PP1)". Editorial CSIC. 39\. Jorge Rojas (1996). "[Las políticas comerciales y cambiarias en el Perú, 1960-1995](https://books.google.com/books?id=Xkx7eEGABl8C&dq=Las%20pol%C3%ADticas%20comerciales%20y%20cambiarias%20en%20el%20Per%C3%BA%2C%201960-1995&pg=PP1)". Fondo Editorial PUCP. 40\. "[Historia del Ministerio de Educación](https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minedu/informes-publicaciones/1307863-historia-del-ministerio-de-educacion)". *[Ministry of Education (Peru)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_%28Peru%29)*. 41\. Golte, Jürgen. "[La Migración Andina y la Cultura Peruana](https://www4.congreso.gob.pe/comisiones/1999/educacion/funcion/eventos/Expos16.html)". *Congress of the Republic of Peru*. 42\. "[HISTORIA DE VILLA EL SALVADOR](http://www.munives.gob.pe/Ves_historia.htm)". *Villa El Salvador Municipality*. 43\. "[Lima Metropolitana perfil socio-demográfico](http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/LIb0002/cap0101.htm)". Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. 44\. Dietz 1980, p. 35. 45\. Dietz 1980, p. 36.. 46\. "[Construction sector in Peru will grow 3.9% this year driven by PPPs and mining](https://www.americaeconomia.com/en/economy-markets/construction-sector-peru-will-grow-39-year-driven-ppps-and-mining)". *AméricaEconomía*. 47\. "[Vizcarra hace Entrega de Terrenos en Jorge Chavez y Asegura Anunciadas Inversiones](https://tnews.com.pe/vizcarra-hace-entrega-de-terrenos-en-jorge-chavez-y-asegura-anunciadas-inversiones/)". *T News*. 2018-10-24. 48\. "[Una mirada a Lima Metropolitana](https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1168/libro.pdf)" \[A look at Metropolitan Lima\]. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. September 2014. 49\. "[Análisis Meteorológico](https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=sinoptica)" \[Meteorological Analysis\]. Ministerio del Ambiente Peru. 50\. Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "[Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification](http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf)". *Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.*. 51\. "[Average Weather For Callao/Lima, Peru](http://weatherspark.com/averages/33636/Callao-Lima-Peru)". *WeatherSpark*. 52\. "[Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú](https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/)". Government of Peru. 53\. "[Climate on the Coast of Peru](https://www.nationalparks-worldwide.com/sam/peru/regions/coast/climate-coast.html)". *www.nationalparks-worldwide.com*. 54\. "[World Weather Information Service – Lima](http://worldweather.wmo.int/029/c00108.htm)". World Meteorological Organization. 55\. "[BBC Weather – Lima](https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/3936456)". BBC. 56\. Capel Molina, José J. (1999). "[Lima, un clima de desierto litoral](http://revistas.ucm.es/ghi/02119803/articulos/AGUC9999110025A.PDF)". *Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense*. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 57\. Painter, James (12 March 2007). "[Americas \| Peru's alarming water truth](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6412351.stm)". *BBC News*. 58\. "[Corte Superior de Justicia de Lima](http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuperior/default.asp?sede=20)" \[Superior Court of Lima\]. [Judicial Power of Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_System_of_Peru). 59\. "[Corte Superior de Justicia de Lima Norte](http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuperior/default.asp?sede=11)" \[Superior Court of North Lima\]. [Judicial Power of Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_System_of_Peru). 60\. "[Lima (Region-level Province, Peru) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location](https://www.citypopulation.de/en/peru/admin/lima/1501__lima/)". *www.citypopulation.de*. 61\. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, [*Urban Agglomerations 2014*](http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/wallcharts/WUP_2014%20Urban%20Agglomerations%20Wallchart.pdf) . – note, per the source, "Urban agglomerations included in the chart are those of 1 million inhabitants or more in 2007. An agglomeration contains the population within the contours of contiguous territory inhabited at urban levels of residential density without regard to administrative boundaries." 62\. Baily, Samuel L; Míguez, Eduardo José (2003). "Latin America Since 1930". Rowman & Littlefield. 63\. "[The Institute of International Education (IIE)](http://www.iiepassport.org/lima.html)". IIEPassport.org. 64\. "[Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C.](http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B)". Ocac.gov.tw. 24 August 2004. 65\. [History of Lima](http://www.lima.info/history.htm). Lima Info. 66\. [Colonial Lima according to Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa](http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=113). From Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa, *A Voyage to South America* (1748). 67\. "[Niveles socioeconómicos en Lima Metropolitana y Callao – APEIM](http://www.apeim.com.pe/wp-content/themes/apeim/docs/nse/APEIM-NSE-2003-2004-LIMA.pdf)" \[Socioeconomic levels in Metropolitan Lima and Callao – APEIM\]. Asociación Peruana de Empresas de Investigación de Mercados. 68\. Infoplease. [Lima](http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0829787.html). Retrieved 8 December 2008. 69\. AttractionGuide. [Lima Attractions](http://attractionguide.com/lima/). Retrieved 8 December 2008. 70\. "[Study Abroad Peru](http://www.studyabroaddomain.com/Peru.aspx)". Study Abroad Domain. 71\. Bethell, Leslie (1991). "Latin America Since 1930". Cambridge University Press. 72\. "[Port Commerce](http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/commerce/PER_Port_of_Callao_1477.php)". *Port of Callao*. World Port Source. 73\. "[República del Perú evaluación de la gobernabilidad democrática](http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=917346)" \[Republic of Peru evaluation of democratic governance\]. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. 2007. 74\. "[The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html)". *cia.gov*. 75\. "[Bolsa de Valores de Lima](http://www.bvl.com.pe/english/estadist/dat_infostat_en.pdf)" \[Lima Stock Exchange\]. 76\. "[Bolsa de Valores de Lima](http://www.bvl.com.pe/publi_infmensuales.html)". Bolsa de Valores de Lima. 77\. "[Republic of Peru](http://www.proinversion.gob.pe/RepositorioAPS/1/0/arc/TEASER_TREN_ELECTRICO/Teaser_Tren_Elec_Ing_21_febrero2008.pdf)". 78\. "[Compañías de Seguros Peru](http://www.ohperu.com/empresas/seguros.htm)". Oh Perú. 79\. Yuwa Hedrick-Wong; Desmond Choong. "[Master Card 2014 Global Destination Cities Index](https://newsroom.mastercard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mastercard_GDCI_2014_Letter_Final_70814.pdf)". 80\. "[10 Years Later: the Cities in Latin America & the Caribbean Taking Cross Border Travel to New Levels](https://newsroom.mastercard.com/latin-america/press-releases/10-years-later-the-cities-in-latin-america-the-caribbean-taking-cross-border-travel-to-new-levels/)". *MasterCard Social Newsroom*. 81\. "[Historic Centre of Lima](http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/500)". *UNESCO World Heritage Site*. 82\. "[El Parque de la Muralla](http://www.perutoptours.com/index14limuralla.html)". *perutoptours.com*. 83\. "[Geography of Lima](http://geography.howstuffworks.com/south-america/geography-of-lima.htm)". *Geography.howstuffworks.com*. 84\. Marmon, Johanna (1 December 2003). "[Colonial masterpiece: many who visit Peru come for the journey to ancient Macchu Picchu. But the former colonial—and current day—capital city of Lima is an architectural and gastronomic wonderland](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-111620596.html)". *South Florida CEO*. 85\. Web Design by Avtec Media. "[Peruvian Cuisine ~ New Andean ~ Novoandina – Mixtura Restaurant:: The New Andean Cuisine:: Kirkland, Washington: Latin Spanish Peruvian Restaurants](http://www.mixtura.biz/peruvian-cuisine/index.htm)". Mixtura.biz. 86\. "[Lima Offers Both Luxury And Local Life Experiences](https://www.jupitermag.com/nomads-notebook/lima-offers-both-luxury-and-local-life-experiences)". *Jupiter Magazine*. 28 December 2018. 87\. "[Theatres in Lima, Peru – LimaEasy (c)](http://www.limaeasy.com/culture/theaters_lima.php)". LimaEasy. 27 June 2009. 88\. "[Lima, Peru\|dwell.com](https://www.dwell.com/article/lima-peru-4ee4f7d3)". 26 February 2009. 89\. Segreda, Ricardo; Minster, Crit; Newton, Paula (2009). "[V!VA Travel Guides: Peru](https://books.google.com/books?id=O3eK1nVLHgMC&dq=V!VA%20Travel%20Guides%3A%20Peru&pg=PP1)". Viva Publishing Network. 90\. "[Articles: Colonial Lima according to Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa](http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=113)". Historical Text Archive. 91\. Kokotovic, Misha (2007). "The Colonial Divide in Peruvian Narrative". Sussex Academic Press. 92\. "[Information about Peru](http://www.go2peru.com/webapp/ilatintravel/articulo.jsp?cod=1998845)". Go2peru.com. 93\. "[Peru's revolution in tastes: innovative chefs in Lima are dishing up a fusion of Andean and European cuisines with seasoning from around the world. (01-MAY-06) Americas (English Edition)](http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-15424982_ITM)". Accessmylibrary.com. 1 May 2006. 94\. "[101 Reasons to be proud of Peru](http://filer.livinginperu.com/101reasons.pdf)". Peru Experience. 2008. 95\. "[Gastronomía en Lima](http://www.go2peru.com/spa/guia_viajes/lima/cocina_lima.htm)". *go2peru.com*. 96\. "[APEGA Sociedad Peruana de Gastronomía – ¿Qué es Apega?](http://www.apega.pe/apega/-que-es-apega-S1/C1.html)". *apega.pe*. 97\. Bloudoff-Indelicato, Mollie (17 September 2014). "[Mistura Food Fest Gives Peruvian Cuisine A Chance To Shine](https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/17/349038162/mistura-food-fest-gives-peruvian-cuisine-a-chance-to-shine)". *[NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR)*. 98\. Aunt Poison S.A.C. (16 December 2021). "[Mistura.pe](http://mistura.pe/mistura-2014/)". *Mistura*. 99\. "[Past List 2011](http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/past-lists/2011)". Theworlds50best.com. 100\. "[Top 50 Restaurants in the World 2023](https://www.theworlds50best.com/the-list/1-10/central.html)". Theworlds50best.com. 20 June 2023. 101\. "[The World's 50 Best Restaurants \| The List and Awards](https://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50)". *50B - Restaurants - GLOBAL*. 102\. "[1–50 The Worlds 50 Best Restaurants](http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners#t1-50)". Theworlds50best.com. 103\. "[Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants 1–50](http://www.theworlds50best.com/latinamerica/en/the-list.html#t1-50)". Theworlds50best.com. 4 September 2013. 104\. Snow, Jared (18 March 2016). "[Ceviche, Peru's National Dish](https://treehouselodge.com/ceviche-perus-national-dish/)". *treehouselodge.com*. 105\. Carlos Rojas Osorio (2002). "[Latinoamérica: cien años de filosofía](https://books.google.com/books?id=JrutOSGcIlQC&dq=Latinoam%C3%A9rica%3A%20Cien%20A%C3%B1os%20de%20Filosof%C3%ADa&pg=PP1)". Isla Negra Editores. 106\. Mariu Suarez (2001). "[Mas Allá Del Homo Sapiens](https://books.google.com/books?id=zpUFTBQtLz8C&dq=Mas%20Alla%20Del%20Homo%20Sapiens&pg=PP1)". [Trafford Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafford_Publishing). 107\. Héctor V. Morel; José Dalí Moral (1987). "[Diccionario mitológico americano: dioses, razas, leyendas](https://books.google.com/books?id=RWxzRcDWzWYC&dq=Diccionario%20Mitol%C3%B3gico%20Americano&pg=PP1)". Editorial Kier. 108\. "[Reseña Histórica](http://www.arzobispadodelima.org/blog/2010/06/22/resena-historica/)". *Archbishop of Lima website*. 22 June 2010. 109\. "[Relación de Arzobispos de Lima](http://www.arzobispadodelima.org/blog/2010/06/24/relacion-de-arzobispos-de-lima/)". *Archbishop of Lima website*. 2010. 110\. "[Los Centros Islámicos de Perú](http://caminoalislam.com/convertirse-al-islam/centros-isamicos-/peru)". *caminoalislam.com*. 111\. "[Comunidad Judía de Perú. Ante el Desafío de la Llegada de Familias Jóvenes y su Crecimiento](https://itongadol.com/noticias/73732-comunidad-judia-de-peru-ante-el-desafio-de-la-llegada-de-familias-jovenes-y-su-crecimiento)". *itongadol.com*. 23 September 2013. 112\. "[Lima Peru Temple](https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/temples/details/lima-peru-temple?lang=eng)". *churchofjesuschrist.org*. 113\. "[Iglesia Ortodoxa de la Santisima Trinidad](http://santisima-trinidad-peruortodoxo.20fr.com/)". *santisima-trinidad-peruortodoxo.20fr.com*. 114\. "[Directorio de Centros y Templos Budistas - Perú](http://www.budismo.com/directorios/peru.php)". *budismo.com*. 115\. "[Direcciones de la Iglesia](https://direcciones.idmji.org/es/)". *idmji.org*. 116\. "[Cuadro N°1](http://censos.inei.gob.pe/cpv2007/tabulados/)". *Censos Nacionales 2007 XI de Población y Vivienda*. [Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estadística_e_Informática). 117\. Jeffrey L. Klaiber (1996). "[La Iglesia en el Perú: su historia social desde la independencia](https://books.google.com/books?id=70I34daINx8C&dq=La%20Iglesia%20en%20el%20Per%C3%BA&pg=PP1)". [Pontifical Catholic University of Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Peru). 118\. Mackay, Duncan (11 October 2013). "[Lima awarded 2019 Pan American and Parapan Games](http://www.insidethegames.biz/major-games/pan-american-games/2019/1016437-lima-awarded-2019-pan-american-and-parapan-games)". *insidethegames.biz – International Olympic Committee, Paralympic and Commonwealth Games News*. 119\. "[Parque Kennedy – Miraflores – Top Rated Peru City Parks](http://www.vivatravelguides.com/south-america/peru/lima/miraflores/miraflores-activities/parque-kennedy/)". Vivatravelguides.com. 120\. "[Historia](http://www.unmsm.edu.pe/?c=Home2&url=inicio-historia)". Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. 121\. "[Lima (Peru) – MSN Encarta](http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562138/Lima_%28Peru%29.html)". MSN. 122\. "[Lima tiene más de 6 mil colegios privados y cerca de 2 mil centros públicos – según Mapcity](http://www.larepublica.pe/21-07-2014/lima-tiene-mas-de-6-mil-colegios-privados-y-cerca-de-2-mil-centros-publicos-segun-mapcity)". *LaRepublica.pe*. 123\. "[Evaluando la gestión en Lima al 2012](http://www.limacomovamos.org/cm/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/InformeEvaluandoLima2012.pdf)". Observatorio Ciudadano Lima Cómo Vamos. 124\. "[Evaluación Censal de Estudiantes 2012 (ECE 2012)](http://umc.minedu.gob.pe/?p=1405)". *minedu.gob.pe*. 125\. "[Great Circle Mapper](http://gc.kls2.com/)". Gc.kls2.com. 126\. "[New Jorge Chávez – The New International Airport](https://nuevojorgechavez.com/en/)". 127\. "[Ferrocarril Central Andino S.A.](http://www.ferrocarrilcentral.com.pe/index_.php)". Ferrocarrilcentral.com.pe. 128\. "[Bandurria – El sitio – Ferrocarril Lima Huacho](http://www.huacho.info/bandurria/ferrocarril.html)". Huacho.info. 129\. "[Periodo 1945–1965 – Galería de Fotos y Planos](http://www.arqandina.com/pages/p4/f413.htm)". Arqandina.com. 130\. "[Lima: Planning a Trip: Getting Around](http://www.frommers.com/destinations/lima/2868020156.html)". Frommers.com. 28 July 2008. 131\. "[Getting around: Taxis, mototaxis and colectivos](http://www.roughguides.com/travel/south-america/peru/getting-around/taxis-mototaxis-and-colectivos.aspx)". *[Rough Guides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Guides)*. 132\. "[Metropolitano](http://www.metropolitano.gob.pe/)". *www.metropolitano.gob.pe*. 133\. "[Corredor Azul \| Tacna - Garcilaso de la Vega - Arequipa \| Reforma del Transporte](http://www.munlima.gob.pe/corredorazul)". 134\. "[San Borja en Bici](http://www.munisanborja.gob.pe/bicisanborja/)". *munisanborja.gob.pe*. 135\. "[Estadísticas Ambientales](http://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/estadisticas-ambientales-febrero-2014.pdf)". *inei.gob.pe*. February 2014. 136\. Peckham, Matt (1 May 2014). "[This Billboard Sucks Pollution from the Sky and Returns Purified Air](https://time.com/84013/this-billboard-sucks-pollution-from-the-sky-and-returns-purified-air/)". *Time*. 137\. "[Mayor of Lima sees COVID-19 as spark for an urban hub to the green recovery](https://www.eib.org/en/stories/urban-impact-of-covid-19)". *European Investment Bank*. 138\. "[Why Peru Is Emerging as a Coronavirus Hotspot in Latin America](https://time.com/5844768/peru-coronavirus/)". *Time*. 139\. "[Home](https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/)". *Global Covenant of Mayors*. 140\. "[Lima sin agua: Desigualdades sociales y amenazas ambientales en la capital](https://intercambio.pe/lima-agua-sociales/)". *INTERCAMBIO*. 2021-06-16. 141\. Vega, Renzo Gómez (2023-10-03). "[Media Lima se quedará sin agua potable por un corte que durará hasta cuatro días](https://elpais.com/internacional/2023-10-03/media-lima-se-quedara-sin-agua-potable-por-un-corte-que-durara-hasta-cuatro-dias.html)". *El País*. 142\. Org, Connectas (12 January 2022). "[Latinoamérica tiene sed - CONNECTAS](https://www.connectas.org/latinoamerica-tiene-sed/)". *CONNECTAS*. 143\. "[Ciudad Nuestra – Segunda Encuesta Nacional Urbana de Victimización 2012 Perú](http://www.ciudadnuestra.org/segunda_encuesta_nacional_urbana_de_victimizacion_2012___peru.html)". *ciudadnuestra.org*. 144\. "[Ciudades hermanas: Costumbres similares, por Inés Yabar](https://lucidez.pe/ciudades-hermanas-costumbres-similares-por-ines-yabar/)". *lucidez.pe*. Lucidez. 2018-01-13. 145\. "[Información de Gobierno](https://proyectoallas.net/members/lima/)". *proyectoallas.net*. AL-LAs. 2 January 2014. 146\. "[Sister and Friendship Cities Program](https://www.austintexas.gov/department/sister-and-friendship-cities-program)". *austintexas.gov*. City of Austin. 147\. "[Convenios Internacionales](https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios)". *buenosaires.gob.ar*. Buenos Aires. 148\. "[Cleveland's Sister Cities](http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities)". *city.cleveland.oh.us*. City of Cleveland. 149\. "[Ciudades Hermanas, un sueño malgastado](http://www.arquimediosgdl.org.mx/noticias/ciudades-hermanas-un-sueno-malgastado/)". *arquimediosgdl.org.mx*. Arqui Medios. 2019-07-12. 150\. "[Lima ve Çevresinde Görülmesi Gereken Yerler](http://tatligezgin.com/peru/lima-ve-cevresinde-gorulmesi-gereken-yerler/)". *tatligezgin.com*. Tatlı Gezgin. 2016-06-20. 151\. "[Agreements with cities](https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437)". *madrid.es*. Madrid. 152\. "[Rendición de Cuentas 2015–2016](https://www.santaana.go.cr/images/documentos/pdf/2016/Informe%20RC%202015-2016%20Final%20Web.pdf)". *santaana.go.cr*. Heredia. 2016. 153\. "[市级友好城市](http://wsb.sh.gov.cn/node550/index.html)". *sh.gov.cn*. Shanghai. 154\. "[Stamford gains another sister city, this time Rose, Italy](https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Stamford-gains-another-sister-city-this-time-6554570.php)". *stamfordadvocate.com*. Stamford Advocate. 2015-10-06. 155\. "[Taipei's Sister Cities](https://english.sec.gov.taipei/cp.aspx?n=2789B64DFDD8B838)". *sec.gov.taipei*. Secretariat, Taipei City Government. 18 March 2020. 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