---
title: By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portugues… — Luanda · tree and pragmatics
description: By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside continental Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting (together with Benguela) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.
---

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# Luanda, sentence 37

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From Wikipedia, [«Luanda»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luanda), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside continental Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting (together with Benguela) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.

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**Who acts:** Luanda · **What happens:** be, develop, export · **To what, where:** one, palm, cocoa

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Luanda». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Luanda), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Luanda:37
# text = By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside continental Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting (together with Benguela) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	1850	1850	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	Luanda	Luanda	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	53	nsubj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
9	greatest	great	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	14	amod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
11	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	12	advmod	_	_
12	developed	develop	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	amod	_	_
13	Portuguese	portuguese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
17	vast	vast	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
18	Portuguese	Portuguese	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	Empire	Empire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
20	outside	outside	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
21	continental	continental	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	Portugal	Portugal	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	trading	trading	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
27	companies	company	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
29	exporting	export	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	acl:relcl	_	_
30	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	31	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	together	together	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	_
32	with	with	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	Benguela	Benguela	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	29	punct	_	_
35	palm	palm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obj	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	38	cc	_	_
37	peanut	peanut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	compound	_	_
38	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
40	wax	wax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
42	copal	copal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
44	timber	timber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	46	punct	_	_
46	ivory	ivory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	48	punct	_	_
48	cotton	cotton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	50	punct	_	_
50	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	53	punct	_	_
52	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	53	cc	_	_
53	cocoa	cocoa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
54	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	58	punct	_	_
55	among	among	ADP	IN	_	58	case	_	_
56	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	58	amod	_	_
57	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	58	amod	_	_
58	products	product	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	53	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
59	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	53	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Luanda | one |  |  |  | by 1850; of the greatest developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire and continental Portugal | tree rules |
| 2 | **develop** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **export** | gerund |  | palm and peanut oil and wax and coffee |  |  |  | with Benguela; together *property* | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent palm=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Luanda», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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