--- title: Luanda — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 2 description: Wikipedia's «Luanda», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Luanda is the capital and largest city of Angola. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Luanda/page/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Luanda # Luanda · page 2 From Wikipedia, [«Luanda»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luanda), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Luanda/) **2** #### Climate change A 2019 paper published in [PLOS One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS_One) estimated that under [Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway#4.5), a "moderate" scenario of [climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change) where global warming reaches ~2.5-3 C-change by 2100, the climate of Luanda in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of [Guatemala City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_City) [corpus](../../../Guatemala_City/ "in our corpus").[80](../../80/ "tree and pragmatics") The annual temperature would increase by 0.7 C-change, the temperature of the coldest month by 0.4 C-change, and the temperature of the warmest month by 0.1 C-change.[\[37\]](../../page/2/#ref-37 "note 37")[\[38\]](../../page/2/#ref-38 "note 38")[81](../../81/ "tree and pragmatics") According to [Climate Action Tracker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Action_Tracker), the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 C-change, which closely matches RCP 4.5.[\[39\]](../../page/2/#ref-39 "note 39")[82](../../82/ "tree and pragmatics") Moreover, according to the 2022 [IPCC Sixth Assessment Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report), Luanda is one of 12 major African cities ([Abidjan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan) [corpus](../../../Abidjan/ "in our corpus"), [Alexandria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria), [Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers) [corpus](../../../Algiers/ "in our corpus"), [Cape Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town) [corpus](../../../Cape_Town/ "in our corpus"), [Casablanca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca), [Dakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar) [corpus](../../../Dakar/ "in our corpus"), [Dar es Salaam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam), [Durban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban), [Lagos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos), [Lomé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomé) [corpus](../../../Lomé/ "in our corpus"), Luanda and [Maputo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo) [corpus](../../../Maputo/ "in our corpus")) which would be the most severely affected by the future [sea level rise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise).[83](../../83/ "tree and pragmatics") It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of US$65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050.[84](../../84/ "tree and pragmatics") Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from [marine ice sheet instability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ice_sheet_instability) at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to US$187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, US$206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.[\[40\]](../../page/2/#ref-40 "note 40")[85](../../85/ "tree and pragmatics") Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.[\[41\]](../../page/2/#ref-41 "note 41")[86](../../86/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Demographics | Year | Population | | --- | --- | | 1970 (Census) | 475,328[\[42\]](../../page/2/#ref-42 "note 42") | | 2014 (Census) | 6,760,439[\[42\]](../../page/2/#ref-42 "note 42") | | 2024 (Census) | 8,816,297[\[42\]](../../page/2/#ref-42 "note 42") | Main article: [Demographics of Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Angola) The inhabitants of Luanda are primarily members of African ethnic groups, mainly [Ambundu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mbundu_people), [Ovimbundu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovimbundu), and [Bakongo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakongo).[87](../../87/ "tree and pragmatics") The official and the most widely used language is [Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language), although several [Bantu languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languages) are also used, chiefly [Kimbundu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu), [Umbundu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbundu), and [Kikongo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikongo).[\[43\]](../../page/2/#ref-43 "note 43")[88](../../88/ "tree and pragmatics") The population of Luanda has grown dramatically in recent years, due in large part to war-time migration to the city, which is safe compared to the rest of the country.[\[44\]](../../page/2/#ref-44 "note 44")[89](../../89/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2006, however, Luanda saw an increase in violent crime, particularly in the shanty towns that surround the colonial urban core.[\[45\]](../../page/2/#ref-45 "note 45")[90](../../90/ "tree and pragmatics") There is a sizable minority population of [European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe) origin, especially [Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people) (about 260,000), as well as [Brazilians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_people).[91](../../91/ "tree and pragmatics") In recent years, mainly since the mid-2000s, immigration from Portugal has increased due to greater opportunities present in Angola's booming economy.[\[46\]](../../page/2/#ref-46 "note 46")[\[47\]](../../page/2/#ref-47 "note 47")[92](../../92/ "tree and pragmatics") There is a sprinkling of immigrants from other African countries as well, including a small expatriate [South African](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) [corpus](../../../South_Africa/ "in our corpus") community.[93](../../93/ "tree and pragmatics") A small number of people of Luanda are of mixed race — European/Portuguese and native African.[94](../../94/ "tree and pragmatics") Over the last decades, a significant [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people) community has formed,[\[48\]](../../page/2/#ref-48 "note 48") as has a much smaller [Vietnamese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_people) community.[\[49\]](../../page/2/#ref-49 "note 49")[95](../../95/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Places of worship Among the [places of worship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Places_of_worship), several are predominantly [Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity) churches and congregations:[\[43\]](../../page/2/#ref-43 "note 43")[96](../../96/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Luanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Luanda) ([Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church))[97](../../97/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Evangelical Congregational Church in Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Congregational_Church_in_Angola) ([World Communion of Reformed Churches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches))[98](../../98/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Evangelical Reformed Church in Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_in_Angola) ([World Communion of Reformed Churches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches))[99](../../99/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Baptist Convention of Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_Convention_of_Angola) ([Baptist World Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance))[100](../../100/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Universal Church of the Kingdom of God](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God)[101](../../101/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Assemblies of God](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblies_of_God).[102](../../102/ "tree and pragmatics") - Jehovah's Witnesses.[103](../../103/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Culture As the economic and political center of Angola, Luanda is similarly the epicenter of Angolan culture.[104](../../104/ "tree and pragmatics") The city is home to numerous cultural institutions, including the [Sindika Dokolo Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindika_Dokolo_Foundation).[105](../../105/ "tree and pragmatics") The city hosts the annual [Luanda International Jazz Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luanda_International_Jazz_Festival), since 2009, and houses the Clube Náutico da Ilha de Luanda (CNIL), translated as the "Nautical Club of Luanda Island".[106](../../106/ "tree and pragmatics") CNIL is a sports club founded on February 28, 1924, under the name "Nun'Alvares Sports Club" (Clube Desportivo Nun'Alvares), a name it kept until April 11, 1979, when following the order of the secretary of the National Council of Physical Education and Sport of Angola, which stated, that clubs with names related to colonialism should proceed to its replacement, the club had to change his name.[\[50\]](../../page/2/#ref-50 "note 50")[107](../../107/ "tree and pragmatics") Since its foundation it is the yacht club with most titles in Angola to date.[\[50\]](../../page/2/#ref-50 "note 50")[108](../../108/ "tree and pragmatics") The city is home to numerous museums, including:[109](../../109/ "tree and pragmatics") - [National Museum of Anthropology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu_Nacional_de_Antropologia_%28Angola%29)[110](../../110/ "tree and pragmatics") - [National Museum of Natural History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu_Nacional_de_História_Natural_de_Angola)[111](../../111/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Museum of the Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Armed_Forces_%28Angola%29)[112](../../112/ "tree and pragmatics") - [National Museum of Slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Slavery_%28Angola%29)[113](../../113/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Museum of Science (Angola)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Science_%28Angola%29)[114](../../114/ "tree and pragmatics") Other monuments in the city include:[115](../../115/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Palácio de Ferro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palácio_de_Ferro)[116](../../116/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Fortress of São Miguel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_of_São_Miguel)[117](../../117/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Fortress of São Francisco do Penedo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_of_São_Francisco_do_Penedo)[118](../../118/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Luanda Cathedral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Remedies)[119](../../119/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Igreja de Jesus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_de_Jesus_%28Luanda%29)[120](../../120/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Igreja da Nossa Senhora do Cabo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_da_Nossa_Senhora_do_Cabo)[121](../../121/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Conceição](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_de_Nossa_Senhora_da_Conceição_%28Luanda%29)[122](../../122/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Nazaré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nossa_Senhora_da_Nazaré)[123](../../123/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Igreja da Nossa Senhora do Carmo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nossa_Senhora_do_Carmo)[124](../../124/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Arquivo Histórico Nacional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquivo_Histórico_Nacional_%28Angola%29)[125](../../125/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Economy See also: [Economy of Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Angola) Around one-third of Angolans live in Luanda, 53% of whom live in poverty.[126](../../126/ "tree and pragmatics") Living conditions in Luanda are poor for most of the people, with essential services such as safe drinking water and electricity still in short supply, and severe shortcomings in traffic conditions.[\[51\]](../../page/2/#ref-51 "note 51")[127](../../127/ "tree and pragmatics") Luanda is one of the world's [most expensive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees) cities for resident foreigners.[\[52\]](../../page/2/#ref-52 "note 52")[128](../../128/ "tree and pragmatics") In Mercer's cost of living index, Luanda was ranked as top of the list due to the extremely high costs of goods and security.[129](../../129/ "tree and pragmatics") Luanda sits above [Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul) [corpus](../../../Seoul/ "in our corpus"), [Geneva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva) and [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai) in the rankings.[130](../../130/ "tree and pragmatics") These costs have fueled rampant inequality in the city.[131](../../131/ "tree and pragmatics") Skyscrapers are left barren as the price of oil drops.[\[53\]](../../page/2/#ref-53 "note 53")[132](../../132/ "tree and pragmatics") New import tariffs imposed in March 2014 made Luanda even more expensive.[133](../../133/ "tree and pragmatics") As an example, a half-litre tub of vanilla ice cream at the supermarket was reported to cost US$31.[134](../../134/ "tree and pragmatics") The higher import tariffs applied to hundreds of items, from garlic to cars.[135](../../135/ "tree and pragmatics") The stated aim was to try to diversify the heavily oil-dependent economy and nurture farming and industry, sectors that have remained weak.[136](../../136/ "tree and pragmatics") These tariffs have caused much hardship in a country where the average salary was US$260 per month in 2010, the latest year for which data was available.[137](../../137/ "tree and pragmatics") However, the average salary in the booming oil industry was over 20 times higher at US$5,400 per month.[\[54\]](../../page/2/#ref-54 "note 54")[138](../../138/ "tree and pragmatics") Manufacturing includes [processed foods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_food), [beverages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drink), [textiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile), [cement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement) and other building materials, [plastic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic) products, metalware, [cigarettes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette), and shoes/clothes.[139](../../139/ "tree and pragmatics") [Petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum) (found in nearby off-shore deposits) is refined in the city, although this facility was repeatedly damaged during the [Angolan Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War) of 1975–2002.[140](../../140/ "tree and pragmatics") Luanda has an excellent natural harbour; the chief exports are [coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee), [cotton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton), [sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar), [diamonds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond), [iron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron), and [salt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt).[\[55\]](../../page/2/#ref-55 "note 55")[141](../../141/ "tree and pragmatics") The city also has a thriving building industry, an effect of the nationwide economic boom experienced since 2002, when political stability returned with the end of the civil war.[142](../../142/ "tree and pragmatics") Economic growth is largely supported by [oil extraction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_extraction) activities, although great [diversification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_diversification) is taking place.[143](../../143/ "tree and pragmatics") Large [investment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_%28macroeconomics%29) (domestic and international), along with strong economic growth, has dramatically increased construction of all economic sectors in the city of Luanda.[\[56\]](../../page/2/#ref-56 "note 56")[144](../../144/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2007, the first modern shopping mall in Angola was established in the city at [Belas Shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belas_Shopping) mall.[\[57\]](../../page/2/#ref-57 "note 57")[145](../../145/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Transport ### Railway Luanda is the starting point of the [Luanda railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luanda_railway) that goes due east to [Malanje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malanje).[146](../../146/ "tree and pragmatics") The civil war left the railway non-functional, but the railway has been restored up to Dondo and Malanje.[\[58\]](../../page/2/#ref-58 "note 58")[147](../../147/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Airports The main airport of Luanda was [Quatro de Fevereiro Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatro_de_Fevereiro_Airport).[148](../../148/ "tree and pragmatics") A new [international airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_airport), [Dr. António Agostinho Neto International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._António_Agostinho_Neto_International_Airport) was constructed southeast of the city, a few kilometres from [Viana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viana,_Angola), and was expected to be opened in 2011.[\[59\]](../../page/2/#ref-59 "note 59")[149](../../149/ "tree and pragmatics") However, as the Angolan government did not continue to make the payments due to the Chinese enterprise in charge of the construction, the firm suspended its work in 2010.[150](../../150/ "tree and pragmatics") The airport finally opened in November 2023.[151](../../151/ "tree and pragmatics") The new airport will gradually replace the old airport.[\[60\]](../../page/2/#ref-60 "note 60")[\[61\]](../../page/2/#ref-61 "note 61")[152](../../152/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Port The [Port of Luanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Luanda) serves as the largest [port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port) of [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola) [corpus](../../../Angola/ "in our corpus") and is one of the busiest ports in Africa.[\[62\]](../../page/2/#ref-62 "note 62")[153](../../153/ "tree and pragmatics") Major expansion of this port is also taking place.[\[63\]](../../page/2/#ref-63 "note 63")[154](../../154/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2014, a new port is being developed at [Dande](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dande), about 30 km to the north.[155](../../155/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Road transport Luanda's roads are in a poor state of repair, but are undergoing an extensive reconstruction process by the government in order to relieve [traffic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic) congestion in the city.[156](../../156/ "tree and pragmatics") Major road repairs can be found taking place in nearly every neighbourhood, including a major 6-lane [highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway) connected Luanda to [Viana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viana,_Angola).[\[64\]](../../page/2/#ref-64 "note 64")[157](../../157/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Public transport Public transit is provided by the suburban services of the [Luanda Railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luanda_Railway), by the public company [TCUL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_Colectivo_Urbano_de_Luanda), and by a large fleet of privately owned collective taxis as white-blue painted minibuses called Candongueiro.[158](../../158/ "tree and pragmatics") Candongueiros are usually [Toyota Hiace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Hiace) vans, that are built to carry 12 people, although the candongueiros usually carry at least 15 people.[159](../../159/ "tree and pragmatics") They charge from 100 to 200 kwanzas per trip.[160](../../160/ "tree and pragmatics") They are known to disobey traffic rules, for example not stopping at signs and driving over pavements and aisles.[161](../../161/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2019, the [Luanda Light Rail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luanda_Light_Rail) network with an estimated cost of [US $](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._dollar)3 billion was announced to begin construction in 2020.[\[65\]](../../page/2/#ref-65 "note 65")[162](../../162/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Education International schools:[163](../../163/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Escola Portuguesa de Luanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_Portuguesa_de_Luanda)[164](../../164/ "tree and pragmatics") - Colégio Português de Luanda[165](../../165/ "tree and pragmatics") - Colégio São Francisco de Assis[166](../../166/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Luanda International School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luanda_International_School)[167](../../167/ "tree and pragmatics") - English School Community of Luanda[168](../../168/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Higher education Universities:[169](../../169/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Agostinho Neto University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostinho_Neto_University)[170](../../170/ "tree and pragmatics") - Lusíada University[171](../../171/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Catholic University of Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Angola)[172](../../172/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Technical University of Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Angola)[173](../../173/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Methodist University of Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_University_of_Angola)[174](../../174/ "tree and pragmatics") - Private University of Angola[175](../../175/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Jean Piaget University of Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget_University_of_Angola)[176](../../176/ "tree and pragmatics") - [University of Luanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Luanda)[177](../../177/ "tree and pragmatics") - Universidade Indepedente de Angola[178](../../178/ "tree and pragmatics") - Higher Institute of Education Sciences of the Luanda[179](../../179/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Sports Luanda's [Pavilhão Multiusos do Kilamba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilhão_Multiusos_do_Kilamba) hosted games for [Angola's national basketball team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola%27s_national_basketball_team) on many occasions.[\[66\]](../../page/2/#ref-66 "note 66")[180](../../180/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2013 Luanda together with Namibe, today's [Moçâmedes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moçâmedes), hosted the [2013 FIRS Men's Roller Hockey World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FIRS_Men%27s_Roller_Hockey_World_Cup), the first time that a World Cup of [roller hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_hockey_%28quad%29) was held in Africa.[181](../../181/ "tree and pragmatics") The city is home to the Desportivo do Bengo football club.[182](../../182/ "tree and pragmatics") ## International relations See also: [List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa § Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa#Angola) ### Twin towns – Sister cities Luanda is [twinned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities) with:[183](../../183/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston), United States[\[67\]](../../page/2/#ref-67 "note 67")[184](../../184/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Caruaru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caruaru), Brazil [\[68\]](../../page/2/#ref-68 "note 68")[185](../../185/ "tree and pragmatics") - [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Paulo), Brazil[\[69\]](../../page/2/#ref-69 "note 69")[\[70\]](../../page/2/#ref-70 "note 70")[186](../../186/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon) [corpus](../../../Lisbon/ "in our corpus"), Portugal[\[71\]](../../page/2/#ref-71 "note 71")[\[72\]](../../page/2/#ref-72 "note 72")[187](../../187/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Oaxaca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca_City), Mexico[188](../../188/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Praia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia) [corpus](../../../Praia/ "in our corpus"), Cape Verde[189](../../189/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Beira, Mozambique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique)[190](../../190/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Windhoek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhoek) [corpus](../../../Windhoek/ "in our corpus"), Namibia[191](../../191/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Bissau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bissau) [corpus](../../../Bissau/ "in our corpus"), Guinea-Bissau[192](../../192/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) [corpus](../../../Beijing/ "in our corpus"), China[193](../../193/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau), Macau[194](../../194/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Maputo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo) [corpus](../../../Maputo/ "in our corpus"), Mozambique[195](../../195/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Tahoua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahoua), Niger[196](../../196/ "tree and pragmatics") - [São Tomé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Tomé) [corpus](../../../São_Tomé/ "in our corpus"), São Tomé and Príncipe[197](../../197/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Johannesburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg), South Africa[198](../../198/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Cairo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) [corpus](../../../Cairo/ "in our corpus"), Egypt[199](../../199/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Porto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto), Portugal[\[73\]](../../page/2/#ref-73 "note 73")[\[74\]](../../page/2/#ref-74 "note 74")[\[75\]](../../page/2/#ref-75 "note 75")[200](../../200/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Huambo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huambo), Angola[201](../../201/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Toulon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon), France[202](../../202/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Asunción](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunción) [corpus](../../../Asunción/ "in our corpus"), Paraguay[203](../../203/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Cape Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town) [corpus](../../../Cape_Town/ "in our corpus"), South Africa[204](../../204/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Bibliography See also: [Timeline of Luanda § Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Luanda#Bibliography) ## External links [Portal da Cidade de Luanda](https://web.archive.org/web/20180626051415/http://www.portalluanda.com/) [www.cidadeluanda.com - Luanda, city map, History, Photos](https://web.archive.org/web/20050514015807/http://www.cidadeluanda.com/) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Luanda/) **2** ## References {#references} 1\. 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"[After the oil boom: Luanda faces stark inequality – photo essay](https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jan/22/after-the-oil-boom-luanda-faces-stark-inequality-photo-essay)". *The Guardian*. 2019-01-22. 7\. Specter, Michael (2015-05-25). "[Luxury Living in a Failed State](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/06/01/extreme-city-specter)". *The New Yorker*. 8\. "[Luanda most expensive city for expats](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40346559)". 2017-06-21. 9\. Neild, Barry (2018-06-26). "[Most expensive city for expats revealed](https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/most-expensive-cities-expats-2018/index.html)". *CNN Travel*. 10\. Leitão, José. "[A Missão no Reino de Angola](https://repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/4910/1/LS_S2_05_JoseADLeitao.pdf)". 11\. Disney, Anthony (2009). "A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings- Volume 2". Cambridge University Press. 12\. 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Álcool e Escravos: O Comércio Luso-Brasileiro do Álcool em Mpinda, Luanda e Benguela durante o Tráfico Atlântico de Escravos (c. 1480-1830) e o Seu Impacto nas Sociedades da África Central Ocidental. Translated by Márcia Lameirinhas. Tempos e Espaços Africanos Series, vol. 3. Lisbon: Editora Vulgata](http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=13661080113274)". H-net.org. 2002. 18\. Njoku, Onwuka N. (1997). "[Mbundu](https://archive.org/details/mbundu00njok)". Rosen Pub.. 19\. "[Angola Embassy in Cairo](https://www.angolaeg.net/)". *angolaeg.net*. 20\. angolaPT (3 December 2008). "[Angola antes da Guerra (Parte 2)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsD7bjz6ILY)". 21\. "[Mayor's International Council Sister Cities Program](http://www.pbh.gov.br/bh-internacional/bhz-acordos_irmas.htm)". Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. 22\. Croese, Sylvia (2013-11-21). 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[Keeping the flow in Angola's slums](http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Media-Room/Case-Studies/2009/Keeping-the-flow-in-Angolas-slums/) , [Department for International Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_International_Development) (DFID), United Kingdom (February 13, 2009) 52\. "[Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2015 - City rankings](http://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-survey.html)". mercer.com. 53\. Mayda, Matteo de (2017-07-07). "[Divided Luanda: life inside a city fueled by inequality – in pictures](https://www.theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2017/jul/07/luanda-angola-expensive-city-divided-oil-in-pictures)". *The Guardian*. 54\. "[Angola's new import tariffs putting the squeeze on the poorest residents in one of the world's most expensive cities](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/angolas-new-import-tariffs-putting-the-squeeze-on-the-poorest-residents-in-one-of-the-worlds-most-expensive-cities-9278530.html)". *The Independent*. 2014-04-23. 55\. Bryan, Bethany; Sheehan, Sean; Lin, Yong Jui (2018-12-15). "[Angola](https://www.google.com/books/edition/Angola/HPKCDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=luanda+harbor+exports+diamonds&pg=PA49&printsec=frontcover)". Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. 56\. "[GDP growth: A look ahead](http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10316212)". *The Economist*. 2007-12-19. 57\. "[Belas shopping inaugurado em Luanda](http://www.angonoticias.com/Artigos/item/12911)". Angonoticias.com. 28 March 2007. 58\. "[China International Fund Limited](http://www.chinainternationalfund.com/projects1.asp?Id=284)". Chinainternationalfund.com. 59\. "[China International Fund Limited](http://www.chinainternationalfund.com/projects1.asp?Id=283)". Chinainternationalfund.com. 60\. "[Angola Delays Opening of $5 Billion Airport for the Fourth Time](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-17/angola-delays-opening-of-5-billion-airport-for-the-fourth-time)". *Bloomberg.com*. 2022-06-17. 61\. Orban, André (10 November 2023). "[New Luanda International Airport opens in Angola after long delay](https://www.aviation24.be/airports/luanda-airport-lad/new-luanda-international-airport-opens-in-angola-after-long-delay/)". Aviation24. 62\. "[The top eight busiest ports in Africa (Photos and Infographic)](https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2015/06/20/the-top-eight-busiest-ports-in-africa-photos-and-infographic/)". *African Business Central*. June 20, 2015. 63\. [Scott Wilson projects](http://www.scottwilson.com/projects/transportation/maritime/luanda_oil_service_centre.aspx) 64\. "[Angola: Part of Luanda's Highway Complete By December](http://allafrica.com/stories/200808180008.html)". allAfrica.com. 2008-08-15. 65\. "[Luanda surface light rail system will cost US$3 billion – Macauhub](https://macauhub.com.mo/en/2019/11/06/pt-metro-de-superficie-de-luanda-vai-custar-3000-milhoes-de-dolares/)". *Macauhub*. 6 November 2019. 66\. "[Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas](https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas)". [FIBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA). 2 September 2019. 67\. "[Sister Cities](http://www.houstontx.gov/abouthouston/sistercities.html)". *houstontx.gov*. 68\. "[Geminação entre Caruaru e Luanda](http://www.camara-sm.rs.gov.br/camara/proposicao/lei-ordinaria/2018/1/0/32453)". *Câmara de Vereadores de Caruaru*. 69\. "[Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal - No 14471](http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000)" \[Research Municipal Legislation - No 14471\]. *Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo \[Municipality of the City of São Paulo\]*. 70\. [Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007](https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Municipal_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_14471_de_2007) WikiSource 71\. "[Lisboa - Geminações de Cidades e Vilas](http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100)" \[Lisbon - Twinning of Cities and Towns\]. *Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses \[National Association of Portuguese Municipalities\]*. 72\. "[Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa](http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais)" \[Lisbon - Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship\]. *Camara Municipal de Lisboa*. 73\. "[Geminações de Cidades e Vilas](https://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M4000)". *anmp.pt*. 74\. "[International Relations of the City of Porto](http://www.cm-porto.pt/document/449218/481584.pdf)". 2006–2009 Municipal Directorateofthe PresidencyServices InternationalRelationsOffice. 75\. Associação Porto Digital. "[C.M. Porto](http://www.cm-porto.pt/gen.pl?sid=cmp.sections/521)". Cm-porto.pt. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Luanda/) **2** - ← previous: [page 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Luanda/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)