--- title: In around 58 to 51 BC, the Romans invaded the country when Julius Ca… — Luxembourg · tree and pragmatics description: In around 58 to 51 BC, the Romans invaded the country when Julius Caesar conquered Gaul and part of Germania up to the Rhine border, thus the area of what is now Luxembourg became part of the Roman Empire for the next 450 years, living in relative peace under the Pax Romana. Who acts: Romans, Julius --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Luxembourg/23/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / [Luxembourg](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Luxembourg/) / 23 # Luxembourg, sentence 23 From Wikipedia, [«Luxembourg»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. In around 58 to 51 BC, the Romans invaded the country when Julius Caesar conquered Gaul and part of Germania up to the Rhine border, thus the area of what is now Luxembourg became part of the Roman Empire for the next 450 years, living in relative peace under the Pax Romana. **Who acts:** Romans, Julius, Luxembourg · **What happens:** invade, conquer up, be, live · **To what, where:** country, 58, Gaul, part, relative peace This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Luxembourg». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Romans, Julius, Luxembourg), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = wikipedia:Luxembourg:23 # text = In around 58 to 51 BC, the Romans invaded the country when Julius Caesar conquered Gaul and part of Germania up to the Rhine border, thus the area of what is now Luxembourg became part of the Roman Empire for the next 450 years, living in relative peace under the Pax Romana. 1 In in ADP IN _ 3 case _ _ 2 around around ADV RB _ 3 advmod _ _ 3 58 58 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 10 obl _ _ 4 to to ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 51 51 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 3 nmod _ _ 6 BC BC PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 nmod:unmarked _ SpaceAfter=No 7 , , PUNCT , _ 3 punct _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 9 Romans Roman PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 10 nsubj _ _ 10 invaded invade VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 11 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 12 country country NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obj _ _ 13 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 16 advmod _ _ 14 Julius Julius PROPN NNP Number=Sing 16 nsubj _ _ 15 Caesar Caesar PROPN NNP Number=Sing 14 flat _ _ 16 conquered conquer VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 10 advcl _ _ 17 Gaul Gaul PROPN NNP Number=Sing 16 obj _ _ 18 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 19 part part NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 conj _ _ 20 of of ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 21 Germania Germania PROPN NNP Number=Sing 19 nmod _ _ 22 up up ADP RP _ 16 compound:prt _ _ 23 to to ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 25 Rhine Rhine PROPN NNP Number=Sing 26 compound _ _ 26 border border NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 27 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 28 thus thus ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 29 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 30 area area NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 appos _ _ 31 of of ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 32 what what PRON WP PronType=Rel 30 nmod _ _ 33 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 36 cop _ _ 34 now now ADV RB PronType=Dem 36 advmod _ _ 35 Luxembourg Luxembourg PROPN NNP Number=Sing 36 nsubj _ _ 36 became become VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 32 acl:relcl _ _ 37 part part NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 xcomp _ _ 38 of of ADP IN _ 41 case _ _ 39 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 41 det _ _ 40 Roman Roman PROPN NNP Number=Sing 41 compound _ _ 41 Empire Empire PROPN NNP Number=Sing 37 nmod _ _ 42 for for ADP IN _ 46 case _ _ 43 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 46 det _ _ 44 next next ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 46 amod _ _ 45 450 450 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 46 nummod _ _ 46 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 36 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 47 , , PUNCT , _ 48 punct _ _ 48 living live VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 36 advcl _ _ 49 in in ADP IN _ 51 case _ _ 50 relative relative ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 51 amod _ _ 51 peace peace NOUN NN Number=Sing 48 obl _ _ 52 under under ADP IN _ 55 case _ _ 53 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 55 det _ _ 54 Pax Pax PROPN NNP Number=Sing 55 compound _ _ 55 Romana Romana PROPN NNP Number=Sing 51 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 56 . . PUNCT . _ 10 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **invade** | past | the Romans | the country | | 58 to 51 BC | | | tree rules | | 2 | **conquer up** | past | Julius | Gaul | | | | to the Rhine border; part of Germania *conj* | vn subjugate-42.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gaul=Patient | | 3 | **is** | present | Luxembourg | part of the Roman Empire | | | now; year | become *property* | tree rules | | 4 | **live** | gerund | Luxembourg *not said here* | | | relative peace under the Pax Romana | | | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in peace=Location | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Luxembourg», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0. - ← previous: [sentence 22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Luxembourg/22/) - next →: [sentence 24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Luxembourg/24/) - ↑ back to [Luxembourg](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Luxembourg/)