---
title: Luxembourg's long defence led Lazare Carnot to call Luxembourg "the… — Luxembourg · tree and pragmatics
description: Luxembourg's long defence led Lazare Carnot to call Luxembourg "the best fortress in the world, except Gibraltar", giving rise to the city's nickname the Gibraltar of the North. Who acts: long defence, Lazare, Luxembourg, city. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Luxembourg» with its dependency tree and prag
---

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# Luxembourg, sentence 69

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From Wikipedia, [«Luxembourg»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Luxembourg's long defence led Lazare Carnot to call Luxembourg "the best fortress in the world, except Gibraltar", giving rise to the city's nickname the Gibraltar of the North.

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**Who acts:** long defence, Lazare, Luxembourg, city · **What happens:** lead, call, give, defend, nickname · **To what, where:** Lazare, Luxembourg, rise, Gibraltar · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Luxembourg». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (long defence, Lazare, Luxembourg, city), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Luxembourg:69
# text = Luxembourg's long defence led Lazare Carnot to call Luxembourg "the best fortress in the world, except Gibraltar", giving rise to the city's nickname the Gibraltar of the North.
1	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	defence	defence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	Lazare	Lazare	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	Carnot	Carnot	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	flat	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	call	call	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
10	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	best	good	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	14	amod	_	_
14	fortress	fortress	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	xcomp	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	except	except	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	Gibraltar	Gibraltar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	giving	give	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	advcl	_	_
24	rise	rise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
25	to	to	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	's	's	PART	POS	_	27	case	_	_
29	nickname	nickname	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	Gibraltar	Gibraltar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	iobj	_	_
32	of	of	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | past | Luxembourg's long defence | Lazare |  |  |  |  | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent lazare=Patient clause=Result |
| 2 | **call** | to-infinitive | Lazare *not said here* |  | Luxembourg |  |  | the best fortress in the world *xcomp* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent luxembourg=Recipient |
| 3 | **give** | gerund | Lazare *not said here* | rise | the Gibraltar of the North |  |  | to the city's nickname | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent gibraltar=Recipient rise=Theme |
| 4 | **defend** |  | Luxembourg |  |  |  |  |  | nom defence «process transitive»: poss=agent |
| 5 | **nickname** |  | the city |  |  |  |  |  | nom nickname «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Luxembourg», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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