---
title: High-value cash crops for export such as lychees are more recent gro… — Madagascar · tree and pragmatics
description: High-value cash crops for export such as lychees are more recent growth areas, with 18,000 tons sold abroad in 2023, of which 16,000 tons were exported to Europe. Who acts: cash crops. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Madagascar» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Madagascar, sentence 379

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From Wikipedia, [«Madagascar»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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High-value cash crops for export such as lychees are more recent growth areas, with 18,000 tons sold abroad in 2023, of which 16,000 tons were exported to Europe.

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**Who acts:** cash crops · **What happens:** be, sell, export · **To what, where:** recent growth areas, 18,000 tons, 2023, 16,000 tons, Europe

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Madagascar». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (cash crops), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Madagascar:379
# text = High-value cash crops for export such as lychees are more recent growth areas, with 18,000 tons sold abroad in 2023, of which 16,000 tons were exported to Europe.
1	High	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	value	value	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	cash	cash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	crops	crop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	export	export	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	fixed	_	_
10	lychees	lychee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
12	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	13	advmod	_	_
13	recent	recent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
14	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	areas	area	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	18,000	18,000	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	19	nummod	_	_
19	tons	ton	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	appos	_	_
20	sold	sell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	acl	_	_
21	abroad	abroad	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
22	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	2023	2023	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	30	obl	_	_
27	16,000	16,000	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	28	nummod	_	_
28	tons	ton	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	nsubj:pass	_	_
29	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	aux:pass	_	_
30	exported	export	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	20	conj	_	_
31	to	to	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | cash crops for export such lychees | recent growth areas |  |  |  | 18,000 tons *appos* | tree rules |
| 2 | **sell** | participle |  | 18,000 tons *not said here* |  | 2023 |  | abroad *property* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **export** | past · passive |  | 16,000 tons | Europe |  |  | which *obl* | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: subject=Theme of which=Initial\_Location to europe=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Madagascar», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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