--- title: Madrid — English Wikipedia · full text with trees description: Wikipedia's «Madrid», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Madrid # Madrid From Wikipedia, [«Madrid»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. The English Wikipedia article «Madrid», whole: 72 sections, 724 sentences and 14646 words, its 273 notes at the end. The marks in brackets «[n]» are Wikipedia's own, each leading to its note and source; the small number after every sentence leads to the sentence's own page with its syntax tree and pragmatics, parsed by Mova itself. **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/page/7/) | Facts | | | --- | --- | | | **Madrid** | | | **[Capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city) and [municipality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain)** | | | [Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_City_of_Madrid) [Coat of arms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Madrid) [Logo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo) | | | Coordinates: | | Country | [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain) [corpus](../Spain/ "in our corpus") | | [Autonomous community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain) | [Community of Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Madrid) | | Founded | [9th century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_century) | | Districts | 21 ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Madrid)) | | **Government** | | | • Type | [Ayuntamiento](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuntamiento_%28Spain%29) | | • Body | [City Council of Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Council_of_Madrid) | | • [Mayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Madrid) | [José Luis Martínez-Almeida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Luis_Martínez-Almeida) ([PP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29)) | | **Area [\[1\]](page/7/#ref-1 "note 1")** | | | • [Capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city) and [municipality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain) | 605.77 km² (233.89 sq mi) | | Elevation | 660 m (2,165 ft) | | **Population (2025)[\[2\]](page/7/#ref-2 "note 2")** | | | • [Capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city) and [municipality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain) | 3,477,497 | | • Rank | [2nd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits) in the European Union; [1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_municipalities) in Spain | | • Density | 5,740.6/km² (14,868.1/sq mi) | | • [Urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area) | 6,211,000[\[3\]](page/7/#ref-3 "note 3") | | • [Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area) | 6,125,583[\[4\]](page/7/#ref-4 "note 4") | | Demonyms | Madrilenian, Madrilene, madrileño, -ña[\[5\]](page/7/#ref-5 "note 5")s | | **GDP [\[6\]](page/7/#ref-6 "note 6")** | | | • Metro | €316.242 billion (2024)[\[7\]](page/7/#ref-7 "note 7") | | [Time zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone) | [UTC+1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC+1) (CET) | | • Summer ([DST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time)) | [UTC+2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC+2) (CEST) | | [Postal code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_code) | 28001–28080 | | Area code | +34 (ES) + 91 ([M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Madrid)) | | [HDI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (2021) | 0.940[\[8\]](page/7/#ref-8 "note 8"); very high · [1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_Human_Development_Index) | Madrid[\[11\]](page/7/#ref-11 "note 11") is the capital and [largest city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_municipalities#By_population) of Spain.[1](1/ "tree and pragmatics") It had a population of over 3.4 million in the city proper in 2025,[\[2\]](page/7/#ref-2 "note 2") and a [metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_metropolitan_area) population of approximately 6.8 million.[\[12\]](page/7/#ref-12 "note 12")[2](2/ "tree and pragmatics") Madrid is the [second-largest city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_cities_of_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits) in the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union) (EU), after [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin) [corpus](../Berlin/ "in our corpus"),[\[13\]](page/7/#ref-13 "note 13") and its [metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_metropolitan_area) is the [second-largest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe_by_population) in the EU, after Paris.[\[3\]](page/7/#ref-3 "note 3")[\[14\]](page/7/#ref-14 "note 14")[\[15\]](page/7/#ref-15 "note 15")[3](3/ "tree and pragmatics") The municipality covers an area of 605.77 km2.[\[1\]](page/7/#ref-1 "note 1")[4](4/ "tree and pragmatics") Madrid lies on the [River Manzanares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanares_%28river%29) in the central part of the [Iberian Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula) at about 660 m above mean sea level.[5](5/ "tree and pragmatics") The capital city of both Spain and the surrounding [autonomous community of Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Madrid),[\[16\]](page/7/#ref-16 "note 16") it is the political, economic and cultural centre of the country.[\[17\]](page/7/#ref-17 "note 17")[6](6/ "tree and pragmatics") The primitive core of Madrid, a walled military outpost, dates back to the late 9th century, under the [Emirate of Córdoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Córdoba).[7](7/ "tree and pragmatics") Conquered by Christians in 1083 or 1085, it consolidated in the Late Middle Ages as a sizeable town of the [Crown of Castile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile).[\[18\]](page/7/#ref-18 "note 18")[8](8/ "tree and pragmatics") The development of Madrid as an administrative centre was fostered after 1561, as it became the permanent seat of the court of the [Hispanic Monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_Monarchy_%28political_entity%29).[9](9/ "tree and pragmatics") The following centuries were characterised by the reinforcement of Madrid's status within the framework of a centralised form of state-building.[\[19\]](page/7/#ref-19 "note 19")[10](10/ "tree and pragmatics") The Madrid urban agglomeration has the [second-largest GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP) in the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union).[\[20\]](page/7/#ref-20 "note 20")[11](11/ "tree and pragmatics") Madrid is ranked as an [alpha world city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_world_city) by the [Globalization and World Cities Research Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network).[\[21\]](page/7/#ref-21 "note 21")[12](12/ "tree and pragmatics") The metropolitan area hosts major Spanish companies such as [Telefónica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefónica), [Iberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia_%28airline%29), [BBVA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBVA) and [FCC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomento_de_Construcciones_y_Contratas).[\[22\]](page/7/#ref-22 "note 22")[13](13/ "tree and pragmatics") It concentrates the bulk of banking operations in Spain and it is the Spanish-speaking city generating the largest number of webpages.[\[22\]](page/7/#ref-22 "note 22")[14](14/ "tree and pragmatics") Madrid houses the headquarters of [UN Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Tourism), the [Ibero-American General Secretariat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibero-American_General_Secretariat) (SEGIB), the [Organization of Ibero-American States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States) (OEI), and the [Public Interest Oversight Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Interest_Oversight_Board) (PIOB).[15](15/ "tree and pragmatics") Pursuant to the standardising role of the [Royal Spanish Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy), Madrid is a centre for Spanish [linguistic prescriptivism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription).[\[23\]](page/7/#ref-23 "note 23")[16](16/ "tree and pragmatics") Madrid organises fairs such as FITUR,[\[24\]](page/7/#ref-24 "note 24") ARCO,[\[25\]](page/7/#ref-25 "note 25") [SIMO TCI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMO_TCI)[\[26\]](page/7/#ref-26 "note 26") and the [Madrid Fashion Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week).[\[27\]](page/7/#ref-27 "note 27")[17](17/ "tree and pragmatics") Madrid is home to [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) clubs [Real Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF) and [Atlético Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlético_Madrid).[18](18/ "tree and pragmatics") Madrid is one of Spain's leading destinations for [international tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_tourism).[19](19/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2023, it ranked second among Spanish tourist destinations with 5,757,815 international visitors.[\[28\]](page/7/#ref-28 "note 28")[\[29\]](page/7/#ref-29 "note 29")[20](20/ "tree and pragmatics") Madrid's main international source markets include the United States, Italy, France, the United Kingdom and Mexico.[\[30\]](page/7/#ref-30 "note 30")[21](21/ "tree and pragmatics") Its landmarks include the [Plaza Mayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Madrid); the [Royal Palace of Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid); the [Royal Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Real) with its restored 1850 Opera House; the [Buen Retiro Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buen_Retiro_Park), founded in 1631; the 19th-century [National Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_España) building containing some of Spain's historical archives; many national museums;[\[31\]](page/7/#ref-31 "note 31") and the [UNESCO World heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_world_heritage) "[Golden Triangle of Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Triangle_of_Art)", located along the [Paseo del Prado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseo_del_Prado) and comprising three art museums: the [Prado Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Prado); the [Reina Sofía Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Nacional_Centro_de_Arte_Reina_Sofía), a museum of [modern art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art); and the [Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyssen-Bornemisza_Museum), which complements the holdings of the other two museums.[\[32\]](page/7/#ref-32 "note 32")[22](22/ "tree and pragmatics") The mayor is [José Luis Martínez-Almeida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Luis_Martínez-Almeida) from the [People's Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_%28Spain%29).[\[33\]](page/7/#ref-33 "note 33")[23](23/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Etymology The origin of the name is unknown.[24](24/ "tree and pragmatics") There are various theories regarding the origin of the toponym "Madrid", all of them with problems when it comes to fully explaining the phonetic evolution of the toponym.[\[34\]](page/7/#ref-34 "note 34")[25](25/ "tree and pragmatics") The Latin theory (Madrid \< Matrice \< Matrix) has gained support in the past decades:[26](26/ "tree and pragmatics") - A [Celtic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages) origin (Madrid \< \*Magetoritum;[\[34\]](page/7/#ref-34 "note 34") with the root "-ritu" meaning "[ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_%28crossing%29)").[27](27/ "tree and pragmatics") - From the Arabic maǧrà / majrā (meaning "water stream")[\[34\]](page/7/#ref-34 "note 34") or '.[\[35\]](page/7/#ref-35 "note 35")[28](28/ "tree and pragmatics") - A [Mozarabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusi_Romance) variant of the Latin , matricis (also meaning "water stream").[\[34\]](page/7/#ref-34 "note 34")[29](29/ "tree and pragmatics") Nicknames for Madrid include the plural Los Madriles[\[36\]](page/7/#ref-36 "note 36") and La Villa y Corte (lit.[30](30/ "tree and pragmatics") ‘the town and [court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_court)’).[31](31/ "tree and pragmatics") ## History Main article: [History of Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Madrid) The site of modern-day Madrid has been occupied since prehistoric times.[\[37\]](page/7/#ref-37 "note 37")[\[38\]](page/7/#ref-38 "note 38")[\[39\]](page/7/#ref-39 "note 39")[32](32/ "tree and pragmatics") There are archaeological remains of the [Celtic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts) [Carpetani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetani) settlement, [Roman villas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_villa),[\[40\]](page/7/#ref-40 "note 40") a [Visigoth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoth) basilica near the church of Santa María de la Almudena[\[41\]](page/7/#ref-41 "note 41") and three Visigoth necropolises near Casa de Campo, Tetuán and Vicálvaro.[\[42\]](page/7/#ref-42 "note 42")[33](33/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Middle Ages The first historical document about the existence of an established settlement in Madrid dates from the Muslim age.[34](34/ "tree and pragmatics") In the second half of the 9th century,[\[43\]](page/7/#ref-43 "note 43") [Umayyad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Córdoba) Emir [Muhammad I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_I_of_Córdoba) built a fortress on a headland near the river [Manzanares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanares_%28river%29)[\[44\]](page/7/#ref-44 "note 44") as one of the many fortresses he ordered built on the border between [Al-Andalus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus) and the kingdoms of [León](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_León) and [Castile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile), with the objective of protecting [Toledo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain) from Christian attacks from the North and as a starting point for Muslim offensives.[35](35/ "tree and pragmatics") After the disintegration of the [Caliphate of Córdoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_Córdoba) in the early 11th century, Madrid was integrated in the [Taifa of Toledo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Toledo).[\[45\]](page/7/#ref-45 "note 45")[\[46\]](page/7/#ref-46 "note 46")[36](36/ "tree and pragmatics") In the context of the wider campaign for the conquest of the taifa of Toledo initiated in 1079, Madrid was seized in 1083 by [Alfonso VI of León and Castile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_León_and_Castile), who sought to use the town as an offensive outpost against the city of Toledo,[\[47\]](page/7/#ref-47 "note 47") in turn conquered in 1085.[37](37/ "tree and pragmatics") Following the conquest, Christians occupied the centre of the city, while Muslims and Jews were displaced to the suburbs.[38](38/ "tree and pragmatics") Madrid, located near [Alcalá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalá_de_Henares) (under Muslim control until 1118), remained a borderland for a while, suffering a number of [razzias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzia_%28military%29) during the [Almoravid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid) period, and its walls were destroyed in 1110.[\[47\]](page/7/#ref-47 "note 47")[39](39/ "tree and pragmatics") Madrid was confirmed as villa de [realengo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realengo_%28legal_status%29) (linked to the Crown) in 1123, during the reign of [Alfonso VII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_León_and_Castile).[\[48\]](page/7/#ref-48 "note 48")[40](40/ "tree and pragmatics") The 1123 Charter of Otorgamiento established the first explicit limits between Madrid and Segovia, namely the Puerto de El Berrueco and the Puerto de Lozoya.[\[49\]](page/7/#ref-49 "note 49")[41](41/ "tree and pragmatics") Beginning in 1188, Madrid had the right to be a city with representation in the courts of Castile.[\[50\]](page/7/#ref-50 "note 50")[42](42/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1202, [Alfonso VIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile) gave Madrid its first charter to regulate the municipal council,[\[51\]](page/7/#ref-51 "note 51") which was expanded in 1222 by [Ferdinand III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile).[43](43/ "tree and pragmatics") The government system of the town was changed to a [regimiento](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimiento) of 12 [regidores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regidor) by [Alfonso XI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile) in January 1346.[\[52\]](page/7/#ref-52 "note 52")[44](44/ "tree and pragmatics") Starting in the mid-13th century and up to the late 14th century, the concejo of Madrid vied for the control of the Real de Manzanares territory against the concejo of [Segovia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segovia), a powerful town north of the [Sierra de Guadarrama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_Guadarrama) mountain range, characterised by its repopulating prowess and its animal husbandry-based economy, in contrast to the agricultural and less repopulated town of Madrid.[\[53\]](page/7/#ref-53 "note 53")[45](45/ "tree and pragmatics") After the decline of [Sepúlveda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepúlveda,_Segovia), another concejo north of the mountain range, Segovia became a major actor south of the Guadarrama mountains, expanding across the [Lozoya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozoya_%28river%29) and [Manzanares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanares_River) rivers to the north of Madrid and along the [Guadarrama river](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadarrama_%28river%29) course to its west.[\[53\]](page/7/#ref-53 "note 53")[46](46/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1309, the Courts of Castile convened at Madrid for the first time under [Ferdinand IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile), and later in 1329, 1339, 1391, 1393, 1419 and twice in 1435.[47](47/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Early Modern Era During the [revolt of the Comuneros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros), led by [Juan López de Padilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_López_de_Padilla), Madrid joined the revolt against [Charles, Holy Roman Emperor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor).[48](48/ "tree and pragmatics") After defeat at the [Battle of Villalar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Villalar), Madrid was besieged and occupied by the imperial troops.[49](49/ "tree and pragmatics") The city was however granted the titles of Coronada (Crowned) and Imperial.[50](50/ "tree and pragmatics") The number of urban inhabitants grew from 4,060 in 1530 to 37,500 in 1594.[51](51/ "tree and pragmatics") The poor population of the court was composed of ex-soldiers, foreigners, and rogues, dissatisfied with the lack of food and high prices.[52](52/ "tree and pragmatics") In June 1561 [Phillip II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain) set his court in Madrid, installing it in the old [alcázar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Alcazar_of_Madrid).[\[54\]](page/7/#ref-54 "note 54")[53](53/ "tree and pragmatics") Thanks to this, Madrid became the political centre of the monarchy, being the capital of Spain except for a short period between 1601 and 1606, in which the Court was relocated to [Valladolid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid), and the Madrid population temporarily plummeted.[54](54/ "tree and pragmatics") Being the capital was decisive for the evolution of the city and influenced its fate.[55](55/ "tree and pragmatics") During the rest of the reign of Philip II, the population boomed, going up from about 18,000 in 1561 to 80,000 in 1598.[\[55\]](page/7/#ref-55 "note 55")[56](56/ "tree and pragmatics") In the early 17th century, although Madrid recovered from the loss of its capital status, with the return of diplomats, lords and affluent people, as well as an entourage of noted writers and artists together with them, extreme poverty remained rampant.[\[56\]](page/7/#ref-56 "note 56")[57](57/ "tree and pragmatics") The century also was a time of heyday for theatre, represented in the so-called [corrales de comedias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corral_de_comedias).[\[57\]](page/7/#ref-57 "note 57")[58](58/ "tree and pragmatics") Madrid changed hands several times during the [War of the Spanish Succession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession): from the Bourbon control it passed to the allied "Austracist" army with Portuguese and English presence that [entered the city in late June 1706](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_entry_of_Archduke_Charles),[\[58\]](page/7/#ref-58 "note 58") only to be retaken by the Bourbon army on 4 August 1706.[\[59\]](page/7/#ref-59 "note 59")[59](59/ "tree and pragmatics") The Habsburg army led by the [Archduke Charles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor) [entered the city for a second time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_entry_of_Archduke_Charles_in_Madrid) in September 1710,[\[60\]](page/7/#ref-60 "note 60") leaving the city less than three months after.[60](60/ "tree and pragmatics") [Philip V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain) entered the capital on 3 December 1710.[\[61\]](page/7/#ref-61 "note 61")[61](61/ "tree and pragmatics") Seeking to take advantage of Madrid's location at the geographic centre of Spain, the 18th century saw a sustained effort to create a radial system of communications and transports for the country through public investments.[\[62\]](page/7/#ref-62 "note 62")[62](62/ "tree and pragmatics") Philip V built the Royal Palace, the [Royal Tapestry Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tapestry_Factory) and the main Royal Academies.[\[63\]](page/7/#ref-63 "note 63")[63](63/ "tree and pragmatics") The reign of [Charles III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain), who came to be known as "the best mayor of Madrid", saw an effort to turn the city into a true capital, with the construction of sewers, street lighting, cemeteries outside the city and a number of monuments and cultural institutions.[64](64/ "tree and pragmatics") The reforms enacted by his Sicilian minister were however opposed in 1766 by the populace in the so-called [Esquilache Riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquilache_Riots), a revolt demanding to repeal a clothing decree banning the use of traditional hats and [long cloaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniard_cloak) aiming to curb crime in the city.[\[64\]](page/7/#ref-64 "note 64")[65](65/ "tree and pragmatics") Main article: [Dos de Mayo Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising) In the context of the [Peninsular War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War), the situation in French-occupied Madrid after March 1808 was becoming more and more tense.[66](66/ "tree and pragmatics") On 2 May, a crowd began to gather near the [Royal Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid) protesting against the French attempt to evict the remaining members of the Bourbon royal family to [Bayonne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne), prompting an uprising against the French Imperial troops that lasted hours and spread throughout the city, including a famous last stand at the Monteleón barracks.[67](67/ "tree and pragmatics") Subsequent repression was brutal, with many insurgent Spaniards being [summarily executed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_execution).[\[65\]](page/7/#ref-65 "note 65")[68](68/ "tree and pragmatics") The uprising led to a declaration of war calling all the Spaniards to fight against the French invaders.[69](69/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Capital of the Liberal State Madrid was invaded on 24 May 1823 by a French army—the so-called [Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis)—called to intervene to restore the [absolutism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy) of Ferdinand that the latter had been deprived from during the [1820–1823 trienio liberal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trienio_liberal).[\[66\]](page/7/#ref-66 "note 66")[70](70/ "tree and pragmatics") Unlike other European capitals, during the first half of the 19th century the only noticeable bourgeois elements in Madrid (that experienced a delay in its industrial development up to that point) were merchants.[\[67\]](page/7/#ref-67 "note 67")[71](71/ "tree and pragmatics") The University of Alcalá de Henares was relocated to Madrid in 1836, becoming the [Central University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid).[\[68\]](page/7/#ref-68 "note 68")[72](72/ "tree and pragmatics") Madrid's economy modernised during the second half of the 19th century, consolidating its status as a service and financial centre.[73](73/ "tree and pragmatics") New industries were mostly focused in book publishing, construction and low-tech sectors.[\[69\]](page/7/#ref-69 "note 69")[74](74/ "tree and pragmatics") The introduction of [railway transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_transport) greatly helped Madrid's economic prowess, and led to changes in consumption patterns, such as the substitution of salted fish for fresh fish from the Spanish coasts, and further strengthening Madrid's role as a [logistics node](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics) in Spain's distribution network.[\[70\]](page/7/#ref-70 "note 70")[75](75/ "tree and pragmatics") Electric lighting in the streets was introduced in the 1890s.[\[70\]](page/7/#ref-70 "note 70")[76](76/ "tree and pragmatics") During the first third of the 20th century the population nearly doubled, reaching more than 850,000 inhabitants.[77](77/ "tree and pragmatics") New suburbs such as Las Ventas, [Tetuán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetuán,_Madrid) and El Carmen became the homes of the influx of workers, while [Ensanche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensanche) became a middle-class neighbourhood of Madrid.[\[71\]](page/7/#ref-71 "note 71")[78](78/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Second Republic and Civil War The [Spanish Constitution of 1931](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931) was the first to legislate the location of the country's capital, setting it explicitly in Madrid.[79](79/ "tree and pragmatics") During the 1930s, Madrid enjoyed "great vitality"; it was demographically young, becoming urbanised and the centre of new political movements.[\[72\]](page/7/#ref-72 "note 72")[80](80/ "tree and pragmatics") During this time, major construction projects were undertaken, including the northern extension of the [Paseo de la Castellana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Castellana), one of Madrid's major thoroughfares.[\[73\]](page/7/#ref-73 "note 73")[81](81/ "tree and pragmatics") The tertiary sector, including banking, insurance and telephone services, grew greatly.[\[74\]](page/7/#ref-74 "note 74")[82](82/ "tree and pragmatics") Illiteracy rates were down to below 20%, and the city's cultural life grew notably during the so-called Silver Age of Spanish Culture; the sales of newspapers also increased.[\[75\]](page/7/#ref-75 "note 75")[83](83/ "tree and pragmatics") **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/page/7/) - next →: [page 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Madrid/page/2/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)