--- title: The country does not have a declared national language per its const… — Malawi · tree and pragmatics description: The country does not have a declared national language per its constitution but considers several major languages as regional which include Chichewa (42.5%), Chitumbuka (31.2%), and Chiyao (13.7%). Who acts: country, regional, language. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Malawi» with its dependency tree and --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Malawi/230/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / [Malawi](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Malawi/) / 230 # Malawi, sentence 230 From Wikipedia, [«Malawi»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. The country does not have a declared national language per its constitution but considers several major languages as regional which include Chichewa (42.5%), Chitumbuka (31.2%), and Chiyao (13.7%). **Who acts:** country, regional, language · **What happens:** not have, declare, consider, include, constitute · **To what, where:** declared national language, several major languages, Chichewa This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Malawi». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (country, regional, language), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = wikipedia:Malawi:230 # text = The country does not have a declared national language per its constitution but considers several major languages as regional which include Chichewa (42.5%), Chitumbuka (31.2%), and Chiyao (13.7%). 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 country country NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _ 3 does do AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux _ _ 4 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 5 advmod _ _ 5 have have VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _ 6 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 7 declared declare VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 9 amod _ _ 8 national national ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod _ _ 9 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obj _ _ 10 per per ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 11 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 12 nmod:poss _ _ 12 constitution constitution NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 nmod _ _ 13 but but CCONJ CC _ 14 cc _ _ 14 considers consider VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 15 several several ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod _ _ 16 major major ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod _ _ 17 languages language NOUN NNS Number=Plur 14 obj _ _ 18 as as SCONJ IN _ 21 mark _ _ 19 regional regional ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 nsubj _ _ 20 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 21 nsubj _ _ 21 include include VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 14 advcl _ _ 22 Chichewa Chichewa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 21 obj _ _ 23 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 25 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 24 42.5 42.5 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 25 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 25 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 22 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 26 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 25 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 27 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 28 Chitumbuka Chitumbuka PROPN NNP Number=Sing 22 conj _ _ 29 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 31 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 30 31.2 31.2 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 31 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 31 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 28 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 32 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 31 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 33 , , PUNCT , _ 35 punct _ _ 34 and and CCONJ CC _ 35 cc _ _ 35 Chiyao Chiyao PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 obl _ _ 36 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 38 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 37 13.7 13.7 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 38 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 38 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 35 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 39 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 38 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 40 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **not** **have** | present · do-support | the country | a declared national language | | | | per language's constitution; Chiyao *obl* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Patient | | 2 | **declare** *speech: other* | participle | | | | | | | vn declare-29.4-1-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **consider** | present | the country *not said here* | several major languages | | | | | vn consider-29.9-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent language=Attribute | | 4 | **include** | present | regional | Chichewa and Chitumbuka | | | | which *nsubj* | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chichewa=Theme | | 5 | **constitute** | | language | | | | | | nom constitution «communication transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Malawi», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0. - ← previous: [sentence 229](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Malawi/229/) - next →: [sentence 231](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Malawi/231/) - ↑ back to [Malawi](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Malawi/)