---
title: The Malawi Air Force was established with German help in 1976, and o… — Malawi · tree and pragmatics
description: The Malawi Air Force was established with German help in 1976, and operates a small number of transport aircraft and multi-purpose helicopters. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Malawi» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Malawi, sentence 273

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From Wikipedia, [«Malawi»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The Malawi Air Force was established with German help in 1976, and operates a small number of transport aircraft and multi-purpose helicopters.

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**What happens:** establish, operate · **To what, where:** Malawi Air Force, 1976, small number

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Malawi». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Malawi:273
# text = The Malawi Air Force was established with German help in 1976, and operates a small number of transport aircraft and multi-purpose helicopters.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	Malawi	Malawi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
3	Air	Air	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	Force	Force	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	established	establish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	German	German	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	help	help	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	1976	1976	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	operates	operate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	transport	transport	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	aircraft	aircraft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
22	multi-purpose	multi-purpose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	helicopters	helicopter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **establish** | past · passive |  | the Malawi Air Force |  | 1976 |  | with German help | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme with help=Source |
| 2 | **operate** | present |  | a small number of transport aircraft and multi-purpose helicopters |  |  |  |  | vn function-105.2.1-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Theme number=Attribute |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Malawi», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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