---
title: By the 20th century, the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Nege… — Malaysia · tree and pragmatics
description: By the 20th century, the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, known together as the Federated Malay States, had British residents appointed to advise the Malay rulers, to whom the rulers were bound to defer by treaty. Who acts: British residents. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Malaysi
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Malaysia/64/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / [Malaysia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Malaysia/) / 64

# Malaysia, sentence 64

<!-- div src -->

From Wikipedia, [«Malaysia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By the 20th century, the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, known together as the Federated Malay States, had British residents appointed to advise the Malay rulers, to whom the rulers were bound to defer by treaty.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** British residents · **What happens:** know, federate, have, appoint, advise, bind · **To what, where:** Negeri, Malay rulers, rulers

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Malaysia». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (British residents), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Malaysia:64
# text = By the 20th century, the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, known together as the Federated Malay States, had British residents appointed to advise the Malay rulers, to whom the rulers were bound to defer by treaty.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	20th	20th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	4	amod	_	_
4	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	states	state	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	appos	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Pahang	Pahang	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	Selangor	Selangor	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	Perak	Perak	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	Negeri	Negeri	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
17	Sembilan	Sembilan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	known	know	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl	_	_
20	together	together	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
21	as	as	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
23	Federated	federate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	amod	_	_
24	Malay	Malay	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
25	States	State	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
27	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
28	British	British	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	residents	resident	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	nsubj	_	_
30	appointed	appoint	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	ccomp	_	_
31	to	to	PART	TO	_	32	mark	_	_
32	advise	advise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	30	xcomp	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
34	Malay	Malay	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	35	compound	_	_
35	rulers	ruler	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
37	to	to	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
38	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	42	obl	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	rulers	ruler	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	42	nsubj:pass	_	_
41	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	42	aux:pass	_	_
42	bound	bind	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	32	advcl	_	_
43	to	to	PART	TO	_	44	mark	_	_
44	defer	defer	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	42	xcomp	_	_
45	by	by	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
46	treaty	treaty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	27	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | participle |  | Negeri *not said here* |  |  |  | as the Federated Malay States; together *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer as state=Attribute |
| 2 | **federate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **have** | past |  |  |  |  | century |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **appoint** | past | British residents |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **advise** *speech: other* | to-infinitive | British residents *not said here* | the Malay rulers |  |  |  |  | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent ruler=Recipient |
| 6 | **bind** | past · passive |  | the rulers |  |  |  | whom *obl* | tree rules |
| 7 | **defer** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | by treaty | vn acquiesce-95.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Malaysia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [sentence 63](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Malaysia/63/)
- next →: [sentence 65](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Malaysia/65/)
- ↑ back to [Malaysia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Malaysia/)