---
title: The total fertility rate (TFR) as of 2016 was estimated at 1.45 chil… — Malta · tree and pragmatics
description: The total fertility rate (TFR) as of 2016 was estimated at 1.45 children born/woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1. Who acts: children born/woman. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Malta» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Malta, sentence 298

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From Wikipedia, [«Malta»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The total fertility rate (TFR) as of 2016 was estimated at 1.45 children born/woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1.

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**Who acts:** children born/woman · **What happens:** estimate, be · **To what, where:** total fertility rate, children born/woman, replacement rate

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Malta». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (children born/woman), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Malta:298
# text = The total fertility rate (TFR) as of 2016 was estimated at 1.45 children born/woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	total	total	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	fertility	fertility	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	rate	rate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	TFR	tfr	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	6	punct	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	fixed	_	_
10	2016	2016	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nmod	_	_
11	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	estimated	estimate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
13	at	at	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	1.45	1.45	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	compound	_	_
16	born/woman	born/woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
18	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	23	nsubj	_	_
19	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
20	below	below	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	replacement	replacement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	rate	rate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	appos	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	2.1	2.1	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **estimate** | past · passive |  | the total fertility rate as 2016 |  | children born/woman |  |  | vn estimate-34.2-1 «NP V NP PP.value»: subject=Attribute at born/woman=Value |
| 2 | **is** | present | children born/woman |  |  | the replacement rate |  | of 2.1 | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Malta», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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