---
title: In May 2019, Estrada said Manila was debt-free; two months later, ho… — Manila · tree and pragmatics
description: In May 2019, Estrada said Manila was debt-free; two months later, however, the Commission on Audit said Manila was in debt. Who acts: Estrada, Manila, Commission. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Manila» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Manila, sentence 196

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From Wikipedia, [«Manila»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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In May 2019, Estrada said Manila was debt-free; two months later, however, the Commission on Audit said Manila was in debt.

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**Who acts:** Estrada, Manila, Commission · **What happens:** say, be · **To what, where:** debt · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Manila». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Estrada, Manila, Commission), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Manila:196
# text = In May 2019, Estrada said Manila was debt-free; two months later, however, the Commission on Audit said Manila was in debt.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	May	May	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
3	2019	2019	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
5	Estrada	Estrada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	Manila	Manila	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
9	debt	debt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	free	free	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
13	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	months	month	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl:unmarked	_	_
15	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	23	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
17	however	however	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	Commission	commission	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
21	on	on	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	Audit	Audit	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	_
23	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
24	Manila	Manila	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	nsubj	_	_
25	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	cop	_	_
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	debt	debt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Estrada |  |  |  | may |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | Manila |  |  |  |  | free *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the Commission on Audit |  |  |  |  | however, late *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** | past | Manila |  |  | debt |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Manila», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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