--- title: Manila — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 2 description: Wikipedia's «Manila», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Manila, officially the City of Manila, is the capital and second-most populous city of the Philippines after Quezon City. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/page/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Manila # Manila · page 2 From Wikipedia, [«Manila»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/) **2** [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/page/7/) The city attained great wealth due to its location at the confluence of the [Silk Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road), the [Spice Route](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Route), and the [Silver Way](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_silver_trade_from_the_16th_to_18th_centuries).[\[47\]](../../page/7/#ref-47 "note 47")[63](../../63/ "tree and pragmatics") Significant is the role of [Armenians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) [corpus](../../../Armenia/ "in our corpus"), who acted as merchant intermediaries that made trade between Europe and Asia possible in this area.[64](../../64/ "tree and pragmatics") France was the first nation to try financing its Asian trade with a partnership in Manila through Armenian khojas.[65](../../65/ "tree and pragmatics") The largest trade volume was in iron, and 1,000 iron bars were traded in 1721.[\[48\]](../../page/7/#ref-48 "note 48")[66](../../66/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1762, [the city was captured](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_%281762%29) by [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain) as part of the [Seven Years' War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War), in which Spain had recently become involved.[\[49\]](../../page/7/#ref-49 "note 49")[67](../../67/ "tree and pragmatics") The [British occupied the city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila) for twenty months from 1762 to 1764 in their attempt to capture the [Spanish East Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies) but they were unable to extend their occupation past Manila proper.[\[50\]](../../page/7/#ref-50 "note 50")[68](../../68/ "tree and pragmatics") Frustrated by their inability to take the rest of the archipelago, the British withdrew in accordance with the [Treaty of Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281763%29) signed in 1763, which brought an end to the war.[69](../../69/ "tree and pragmatics") An unknown number of [Indian soldiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_armies) known as [sepoys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoy), who came with the British, deserted and settled in nearby [Cainta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainta), Rizal.[\[51\]](../../page/7/#ref-51 "note 51")[\[52\]](../../page/7/#ref-52 "note 52")[70](../../70/ "tree and pragmatics") The Chinese minority were punished for supporting the British, and the fortress city Intramuros, which was initially populated by 1,200 pure Spanish families and garrisoned by 400 Spanish troops,[\[53\]](../../page/7/#ref-53 "note 53") kept its cannons pointed at [Binondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binondo), the world's oldest [Chinatown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown).[\[54\]](../../page/7/#ref-54 "note 54")[71](../../71/ "tree and pragmatics") The population of native Spaniards was concentrated in the southern part of Manila and in 1787, La Pérouse recorded one regiment of 1,300 Mexicans garrisoned at Manila,[\[55\]](../../page/7/#ref-55 "note 55") and they were also at [Cavite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite_City), where ships from Spain's American colonies docked at,[\[56\]](../../page/7/#ref-56 "note 56") and at [Ermita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermita), which was thus-named because of a Mexican hermit who lived there.[72](../../72/ "tree and pragmatics") The Hermit-Priest's name was Juan Fernandez de Leon who was a Hermit in Mexico before relocating to Manila.[\[57\]](../../page/7/#ref-57 "note 57")[73](../../73/ "tree and pragmatics") Priests were not usually alone too since they often brought along [Lay Brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_Brother) and Sisters.[74](../../74/ "tree and pragmatics") The years: 1603, 1636, 1644, 1654, 1655, 1670, and 1672; saw the deployment of 900, 446, 407, 821, 799, 708, and 667 Latin American soldiers from [Mexico at Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines).[\[58\]](../../page/7/#ref-58 "note 58")[75](../../75/ "tree and pragmatics") The Philippines hosts the only Latin American established districts in Asia,[\[59\]](../../page/7/#ref-59 "note 59")[\[60\]](../../page/7/#ref-60 "note 60") with the [Malate district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate,_Manila) hosting [buildings mixing Mexican Baroque and Filipino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate_Church) Muslim [Mudejar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudejar) styles.[\[61\]](../../page/7/#ref-61 "note 61")[76](../../76/ "tree and pragmatics") The Spanish evacuated Ternate and settled [Papuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea) refugees in [Ternate, Cavite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternate,_Cavite), which was named after their former homeland.[\[62\]](../../page/7/#ref-62 "note 62")[77](../../77/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1603, Manila was also home to 25,000 Chinese[\[63\]](../../page/7/#ref-63 "note 63") and housed 14,437 native (Malay-Filipino) families, as well as 3,528 mixed Spanish-Filipino families.[\[63\]](../../page/7/#ref-63 "note 63")[78](../../78/ "tree and pragmatics") The rise of Spanish Manila marked the first time all hemispheres and continents were interconnected in a worldwide trade network, making Manila, alongside [Mexico City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City) [corpus](../../../Mexico_City/ "in our corpus") and [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid) [corpus](../../../Madrid/ "in our corpus"), the world's [original set of global cities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_silver_trade_from_the_16th_to_18th_centuries).[\[64\]](../../page/7/#ref-64 "note 64")[79](../../79/ "tree and pragmatics") A Spanish Jesuit priest commented due to the confluence of many foreign languages in Manila, the confessional in Manila was "the most difficult in the world".[\[65\]](../../page/7/#ref-65 "note 65")[\[66\]](../../page/7/#ref-66 "note 66")[80](../../80/ "tree and pragmatics") Juan de Cobo, another Spanish missionary of the 1600s, was so astonished by the commerce, cultural complexity, and ethnic diversity in Manila he wrote to his brethren in Mexico:[81](../../81/ "tree and pragmatics") The diversity here is immense such that I could go on forever trying to differentiate lands and peoples.[82](../../82/ "tree and pragmatics") There are Castilians from all provinces.[83](../../83/ "tree and pragmatics") There are Portuguese and Italians; Dutch, Greeks and Canary Islanders, and Mexican Indians.[84](../../84/ "tree and pragmatics") There are slaves from Africa brought by the Spaniards \[Through America\], and others brought by the Portuguese \[Through India\].[85](../../85/ "tree and pragmatics") There is an African Moor with his turban here.[86](../../86/ "tree and pragmatics") There are Javanese from Java, Japanese and Bengalese from Bengal.[87](../../87/ "tree and pragmatics") Among all these people are the Chinese whose numbers here are untold and who outnumber everyone else.[88](../../88/ "tree and pragmatics") From China there are peoples so different from each other, and from provinces as distant, as Italy is from Spain.[89](../../89/ "tree and pragmatics") Finally, of the mestizos, the mixed-race people here, I cannot even write because in Manila there is no limit to combinations of peoples with peoples.[90](../../90/ "tree and pragmatics") This is in the city where all the buzz is.[91](../../91/ "tree and pragmatics") (Remesal, 1629: 680–1)[\[67\]](../../page/7/#ref-67 "note 67")[92](../../92/ "tree and pragmatics") After [Mexico gained independence from Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence) in 1821, the Spanish crown began to directly govern Manila.[\[68\]](../../page/7/#ref-68 "note 68")[93](../../93/ "tree and pragmatics") Under direct Spanish rule, banking, industry, and education flourished more than they had in the previous two centuries.[\[69\]](../../page/7/#ref-69 "note 69")[94](../../94/ "tree and pragmatics") The opening of the [Suez Canal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) in 1869 facilitated direct trade and communications with Spain.[95](../../95/ "tree and pragmatics") The city's growing wealth and education attracted indigenous peoples, Negritos, Malays, Africans, Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Europeans, Latinos and Papuans from the surrounding provinces,[\[70\]](../../page/7/#ref-70 "note 70") and facilitated the rise of an [ilustrado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilustrado) class who espoused [liberal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism) ideas, which became the ideological foundations of the [Philippine Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution), which sought independence from Spain.[96](../../96/ "tree and pragmatics") A revolt by [Andrés Novales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrés_Novales) was inspired by the [Spanish American wars of independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence) but the revolt itself was led by demoted Latin-American military officers stationed in the city from the newly independent nations of Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Costa Rica.[\[71\]](../../page/7/#ref-71 "note 71")[97](../../97/ "tree and pragmatics") Following the [1872 Cavite mutiny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny) and the [Propaganda Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_Movement), the Philippine Revolution began; Manila was among the first eight provinces to rebel and their role was commemorated on the [Philippine Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Flag), on which Manila was represented by one of the eight rays of the symbolic sun.[\[72\]](../../page/7/#ref-72 "note 72")[98](../../98/ "tree and pragmatics") ### American dominion era Main article: [History of the Philippines (1898–1946)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281898–1946%29) After the [1898 Battle of Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_%281898%29), Spain ceded the city to the United States.[99](../../99/ "tree and pragmatics") The [First Philippine Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic) based in nearby [Bulacan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulacan) fought against the Americans for control of the city.[\[73\]](../../page/7/#ref-73 "note 73")[100](../../100/ "tree and pragmatics") The Americans defeated the First Philippine Republic and captured its president [Emilio Aguinaldo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo), who pledged allegiance to the U.S. on April 1, 1901.[\[74\]](../../page/7/#ref-74 "note 74")[101](../../101/ "tree and pragmatics") Upon drafting a new charter for Manila in June 1901, the U.S. officially recognized that the city of Manila consisted of Intramuros and the surrounding areas.[102](../../102/ "tree and pragmatics") The new charter proclaimed Manila was composed of eleven municipal districts: Binondo, [Ermita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermita), Intramuros, [Malate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate,_Manila), [Paco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco,_Manila), [Pandacan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandacan), [Sampaloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampaloc,_Manila), [San Miguel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel,_Manila), [Santa Ana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Manila), [Santa Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Manila), and [Tondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondo,_Manila).[103](../../103/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines) recognized five parishes as parts of Manila; Gagalangin, Trozo, Balic-Balic, [Santa Mesa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mesa), and Singalong; and Balut and [San Andres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andres,_Manila) were later added.[\[75\]](../../page/7/#ref-75 "note 75")[104](../../104/ "tree and pragmatics") Under U.S. control, a new, civilian-oriented [Insular Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Government) headed by [Governor-General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines) [William Howard Taft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft) invited city planner [Daniel Burnham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Burnham) (Founder of the "[City Beautiful Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Beautiful_Movement)") to adapt Manila to modern needs.[\[76\]](../../page/7/#ref-76 "note 76")[105](../../105/ "tree and pragmatics") The 1905 [Burnham Plan of Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnham_Plan_of_Manila) recommended improving the city's transit systems by creating diagonal arteries radiating from the new central civic district into areas at the outskirts of the city.[106](../../106/ "tree and pragmatics") It included the development of a road system, the use of waterways for transportation, and the beautification of Manila with waterfront improvements and construction of parks, parkways, and buildings.[\[77\]](../../page/7/#ref-77 "note 77")[\[78\]](../../page/7/#ref-78 "note 78")[107](../../107/ "tree and pragmatics") The planned buildings included a government center occupying all of Wallace Field, which extends from [Rizal Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Park) to the present [Taft Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_Avenue).[108](../../108/ "tree and pragmatics") The Philippine capitol was to rise at the Taft Avenue end of the field, facing the sea.[109](../../109/ "tree and pragmatics") Along with buildings for government bureaus and departments, it would form a quadrangle with a central lagoon and a monument to [José Rizal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Rizal) at the other end of the field.[\[79\]](../../page/7/#ref-79 "note 79")[110](../../110/ "tree and pragmatics") Of Burnham's proposed government centers in [Luneta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luneta), only three units—the Legislative Building, and the buildings of the Finance and Agricultural Departments—were completed before [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) began, with the war's onset, also destroying the former gracefulness that was the fruit of the City Beautiful Movement.[111](../../111/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Japanese occupation Further information: [Battle of Manila (1945)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_%281945%29), [Manila Massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Massacre) During the [Japanese occupation of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines), American soldiers were ordered to withdraw from Manila and all military installations were removed by December 24, 1941.[112](../../112/ "tree and pragmatics") Two days later, General [Douglas MacArthur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur) declared Manila an [open city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_city) to prevent further death and destruction but Japanese warplanes continued bombing the city.[\[80\]](../../page/7/#ref-80 "note 80")[113](../../113/ "tree and pragmatics") Japanese forces occupied Manila on January 2, 1942.[\[81\]](../../page/7/#ref-81 "note 81")[114](../../114/ "tree and pragmatics") From February 3 to March 3, 1945, Manila was the site of [one of the bloodiest battles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_%281945%29) in the [Pacific theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War) of World War II.[115](../../115/ "tree and pragmatics") Under orders of Japanese Rear Admiral [Sanji Iwabuchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanji_Iwabuchi), retreating Japanese forces [killed about 100,000 Filipino civilians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_massacre) and perpetrated the mass rape of women in February.[\[82\]](../../page/7/#ref-82 "note 82")[\[83\]](../../page/7/#ref-83 "note 83")[116](../../116/ "tree and pragmatics") At the end of the war, Manila had suffered from heavy bombardment and became the second-most-destroyed city of World War II.[\[84\]](../../page/7/#ref-84 "note 84")[\[85\]](../../page/7/#ref-85 "note 85")[117](../../117/ "tree and pragmatics") Manila was recaptured by American and Philippine troops.[118](../../118/ "tree and pragmatics") The destruction the war wrought against Manila, made National Artist, Nick Joaquin Lament:[119](../../119/ "tree and pragmatics") "We are a city of layers.[120](../../120/ "tree and pragmatics") Every time we walk through the streets of Manila, we are treading upon the dust of several different cities that have flourished and perished on this same site.[121](../../121/ "tree and pragmatics") There was the Manila of the Rajahs, the Manila of the Conquistadors, the Manila of the Viceroys, and the Manila of the Commonwealth.[122](../../122/ "tree and pragmatics") Each was destroyed, and each was buried, and upon its grave the next one rose." — Nicomedes Márquez Joaquín[123](../../123/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Postwar and independence era Main article: [History of the Philippines (1946–1965)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281946–1965%29) After the war, reconstruction efforts started.[124](../../124/ "tree and pragmatics") Buildings like [Manila City Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_City_Hall), the Legislative Building (now the [National Museum of Fine Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_%28Manila%29)), and [Manila Post Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Central_Post_Office) were rebuilt, and roads and other infrastructures were repaired.[125](../../125/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1948, President [Elpidio Quirino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino) moved the seat of government of the Philippines to [Quezon City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City), a new capital in the suburbs and fields northeast of Manila, which was created in 1939 during the administration of President [Manuel L. Quezon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon).[\[86\]](../../page/7/#ref-86 "note 86")[126](../../126/ "tree and pragmatics") The move ended any implementation of the Burnham Plan's intent for the government center to be at Luneta.[127](../../127/ "tree and pragmatics") When [Arsenio Lacson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenio_Lacson) became the first elected [Mayor of Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Manila) in 1952, before which all mayors were appointed, Manila underwent a "Golden Age",[\[87\]](../../page/7/#ref-87 "note 87") regaining its pre-war moniker "Pearl of the Orient".[128](../../128/ "tree and pragmatics") After Lacson's term in the 1950s, Manila was led by [Antonio Villegas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Villegas) for most of the 1960s.[129](../../129/ "tree and pragmatics") [Ramon Bagatsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Bagatsing) was mayor from 1972 until the 1986 [People Power Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution).[\[88\]](../../page/7/#ref-88 "note 88")[130](../../130/ "tree and pragmatics") During the administration of [Ferdinand Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos), Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on November 7, 1975.[131](../../131/ "tree and pragmatics") The area encompassed four cities and thirteen adjoining towns as a separate regional unit of government.[\[89\]](../../page/7/#ref-89 "note 89")[132](../../132/ "tree and pragmatics") On June 24, 1976, the 405th anniversary of the city's founding, President Marcos reinstated Manila as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of government since the Spanish Period.[\[90\]](../../page/7/#ref-90 "note 90")[\[91\]](../../page/7/#ref-91 "note 91")[133](../../133/ "tree and pragmatics") At the same time, Marcos designated his wife [Imelda Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imelda_Marcos) as the first governor of Metro Manila.[134](../../134/ "tree and pragmatics") She started the rejuvenation of the city and re-branded Manila the "[City of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Man)".[\[92\]](../../page/7/#ref-92 "note 92")[135](../../135/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Martial Law era Main article: [History of the Philippines (1965–1986)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281965–1986%29) Many of the key events of the historical period from the first major protests against the administration of [Ferdinand Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos) in January 1970 until his ouster in February 1986 took place within the city of Manila.[136](../../136/ "tree and pragmatics") The first, the January 26, 1970, State of the Nation Address Protest which kicked off the "[First Quarter Storm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Quarter_Storm)", took place at the Legislative Building (now the [National Museum of Fine Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_%28Manila%29)) on [Padre Burgos Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padre_Burgos_Avenue),[\[93\]](../../page/7/#ref-93 "note 93") and the very last saw the [Marcos family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_family) flee [Malacañang Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacañang_Palace) into exile in the United States.[\[94\]](../../page/7/#ref-94 "note 94")[\[95\]](../../page/7/#ref-95 "note 95")[\[96\]](../../page/7/#ref-96 "note 96")[137](../../137/ "tree and pragmatics") The beginning weeks of Ferdinand Marcos' second term as president was marked by the [1969 balance of payments crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_balance_of_payments_crisis), which economists trace to his first term tactic of using foreign loans to fund massive government projects in an effort to curry votes.[\[97\]](../../page/7/#ref-97 "note 97")[\[98\]](../../page/7/#ref-98 "note 98")[\[99\]](../../page/7/#ref-99 "note 99")[138](../../138/ "tree and pragmatics") In protest, protest groups led mostly by students decided to picket Marcos' 1970 State of the Nation Address at the legislative building on January 26.[139](../../139/ "tree and pragmatics") The protesters were initially bickering amongst themselves because both moderate reformist and radical activist groups were present and fighting to gain control of the stage.[140](../../140/ "tree and pragmatics") But all of them, regardless of advocacy, were violently dispersed by the [Philippine Constabulary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary).[\[100\]](../../page/7/#ref-100 "note 100")[\[101\]](../../page/7/#ref-101 "note 101")[141](../../141/ "tree and pragmatics") This was followed by six more major protests which were violently dispersed, from the end of January until March 17, 1970.[\[95\]](../../page/7/#ref-95 "note 95")[142](../../142/ "tree and pragmatics") Instability continued the following year, with the most significant incident being the August 1971 [Plaza Miranda bombing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Miranda_bombing) caused nine deaths and injured 95 others, including many prominent Liberal Party politicians including incumbent Senators [Jovito Salonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovito_Salonga), [Eddie Ilarde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Ilarde), [Eva Estrada-Kalaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Estrada-Kalaw), and Liberal Party president [Gerardo Roxas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Roxas), [Sergio Osmeña Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osmeña_Jr.), Manila 2nd District Councilor Ambrosio "King" Lorenzo Jr., and Congressman [Ramon Bagatsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Bagatsing) who was the party's mayoral candidate for Manila.[\[101\]](../../page/7/#ref-101 "note 101")[143](../../143/ "tree and pragmatics") Marcos reacted to the bombing by blaming the still nascent [Communist Party of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines) and then suspending of the writ of Habeas Corpus.[144](../../144/ "tree and pragmatics") The suspension is noted for forcing many members of the moderate opposition, including figures like [Edgar Jopson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Jopson), to join the ranks of the radicals.[145](../../145/ "tree and pragmatics") In the aftermath of the bombing, Marcos lumped all of the opposition together and referred to them as communists, and many former moderates fled to the mountain encampments of the radical opposition to avoid being arrested by Marcos' forces.[146](../../146/ "tree and pragmatics") Those who became disenchanted with the excesses of the Marcos administration and wanted to join the opposition after 1971 often joined the ranks of the radicals, simply because they represented the only group vocally offering opposition to the Marcos government.[\[102\]](../../page/7/#ref-102 "note 102")[\[103\]](../../page/7/#ref-103 "note 103")[147](../../147/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/) **2** [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/page/7/) - ← previous: [page 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/) - next →: [page 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Manila/page/3/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)