---
title: Since 1999, all teaching in the first year of primary school is in M… — Mauritania · tree and pragmatics
description: Since 1999, all teaching in the first year of primary school is in Modern Standard Arabic; French is introduced in the second year, and is used to teach all scientific courses. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Mauritania» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Mauritania, sentence 261

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From Wikipedia, [«Mauritania»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Since 1999, all teaching in the first year of primary school is in Modern Standard Arabic; French is introduced in the second year, and is used to teach all scientific courses.

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**What happens:** be, introduce, use, teach · **To what, where:** Modern Standard Arabic, French, scientific courses

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Mauritania». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Mauritania:261
# text = Since 1999, all teaching in the first year of primary school is in Modern Standard Arabic; French is introduced in the second year, and is used to teach all scientific courses.
1	Since	since	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	1999	1999	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	teaching	teaching	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	9	amod	_	_
9	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	primary	primary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	Modern	modern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
16	Standard	Standard	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
19	French	French	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	introduced	introduce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
22	in	in	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	second	second	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	25	amod	_	_
25	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
28	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	29	aux:pass	_	_
29	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	conj	_	_
30	to	to	PART	TO	_	31	mark	_	_
31	teach	teach	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	29	advcl	_	_
32	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	34	det	_	_
33	scientific	scientific	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	amod	_	_
34	courses	course	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present |  |  |  | Modern Standard Arabic |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in arabic=Location |
| 2 | **introduce** | present · passive |  | French |  |  | since 1999 and all teaching in the first year of primary school; year |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 3 | **use** | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V» |
| 4 | **teach** *speech: other* | to-infinitive |  | all scientific courses |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent course=Recipient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Mauritania», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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