---
title: By 1511, Luzonians had been carrying out large-scale trade at least… — Metro Manila · tree and pragmatics
description: By 1511, Luzonians had been carrying out large-scale trade at least within maritime Southeast Asia with Luzonians being hired as officials in Melaka and merchants gaining royal favors in Brunei. Who acts: Luzonians, officials, merchants. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Metro Manila» with its dependency t
---

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# Metro Manila, sentence 41

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From Wikipedia, [«Metro Manila»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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By 1511, Luzonians had been carrying out large-scale trade at least within maritime Southeast Asia with Luzonians being hired as officials in Melaka and merchants gaining royal favors in Brunei.

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**Who acts:** Luzonians, officials, merchants · **What happens:** carry out, hire, gain · **To what, where:** scale trade, least, Luzonians, royal favors

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Metro Manila». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Luzonians, officials, merchants), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Metro_Manila:41
# text = By 1511, Luzonians had been carrying out large-scale trade at least within maritime Southeast Asia with Luzonians being hired as officials in Melaka and merchants gaining royal favors in Brunei.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	1511	1511	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	Luzonians	Luzonian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
5	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	aux	_	_
7	carrying	carry	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	out	out	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	scale	scale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	trade	trade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
13	at	at	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	least	least	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	7	obl	_	_
15	within	within	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	maritime	maritime	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
17	Southeast	Southeast	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	Asia	Asia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
19	with	with	SCONJ	IN	_	22	mark	_	_
20	Luzonians	Luzonian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	22	nsubj	_	_
21	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	22	aux:pass	_	_
22	hired	hire	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	advcl	_	_
23	as	as	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	officials	official	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obl:agent	_	_
25	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	Melaka	Melaka	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	merchants	merchant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	conj	_	_
29	gaining	gain	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	28	acl	_	_
30	royal	royal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	favors	favor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	obj	_	_
32	in	in	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	Brunei	Brunei	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry out** | past · perfect · progressive | Luzonians | scale trade |  | least within maritime Southeast Asia |  |  | vn act-114 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trade=Eventuality |
| 2 | **hire** | gerund · passive | officials in Melaka and merchants | Luzonians |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 3 | **gain** | gerund | merchants *not said here* | royal favors |  |  |  | in Brunei | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient favor=Extent in brunei=Attribute |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Metro Manila», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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