--- title: Metro Manila — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 2 description: Wikipedia's «Metro Manila», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Metropolitan Manila (Kalakhang Maynila kalakˌhaŋ maɪˈnilaʔ), commonly shortened to Metro Manila and formally the National Capital Region (NCR; Pambansang Punong Rehiyon), is the capita --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Metro_Manila/page/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Metro Manila # Metro Manila · page 2 From Wikipedia, [«Metro Manila»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Metro_Manila/) **2** [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Metro_Manila/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Metro_Manila/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Metro_Manila/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Metro_Manila/page/6/) The province of Manila was dissolved by the U.S. government and most of it was incorporated into the newly created province of [Rizal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_%28province%29) on June 11, 1901.[\[37\]](../../page/6/#ref-37 "note 37")[78](../../78/ "tree and pragmatics") The towns of [Caloocan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocan), [Las Piñas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Piñas), [Mariquina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marikina), [Pasig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasig), [Parañaque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parañaque), [Malabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabon), [Navotas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navotas), [San Juan del Monte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila), [San Pedro de Macati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati), [San Felipe Neri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong) (now Mandaluyong), [Muntinlupa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntinlupa), and the united towns of [Taguig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig)-[Pateros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pateros) were assigned to Rizal, with Pasig as the provincial capital.[79](../../79/ "tree and pragmatics") Meanwhile, the town of [Polo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila) (now Valenzuela) remained in [Bulacan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulacan).[80](../../80/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1930s, Manila's urban problems were apparent and problematic.[\[38\]](../../page/6/#ref-38 "note 38")[81](../../81/ "tree and pragmatics") It lacked public housing, where thousands of the city's residents lived in congested informal settler communities, especially in the central districts of [Binondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binondo), [Intramuros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuros), [Quiapo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila), [San Nicolas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nicolas,_Manila) and [Tondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondo,_Manila).[\[38\]](../../page/6/#ref-38 "note 38")[82](../../82/ "tree and pragmatics") There were also problems with sanitation and traffic congestion.[\[38\]](../../page/6/#ref-38 "note 38")[83](../../83/ "tree and pragmatics") The rise of [slums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum) in Manila gave rise to the development of its suburbs outside the city limits in the municipalities of [Pasay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasay), [San Felipe Neri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong), [San Francisco del Monte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_del_Monte), [Makati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati), and [San Juan del Monte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila).[\[38\]](../../page/6/#ref-38 "note 38")[84](../../84/ "tree and pragmatics") These towns became favorable to the upper and middle-class who wanted to escape the congested city but had economic links to it.[\[38\]](../../page/6/#ref-38 "note 38")[85](../../85/ "tree and pragmatics") [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines) [Manuel L. Quezon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon), aware of the problems besetting Manila, initiated housing projects called Barrio Obrero (Worker's Community).[\[38\]](../../page/6/#ref-38 "note 38")[86](../../86/ "tree and pragmatics") These communities were established in various places in Manila such as [Avenida Rizal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Avenue), [Santa Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Manila) and Barrio Vitas, [Tondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondo,_Manila).[\[38\]](../../page/6/#ref-38 "note 38")[87](../../87/ "tree and pragmatics") However, the project failed miserably and these communities became slum areas.[\[38\]](../../page/6/#ref-38 "note 38")[88](../../88/ "tree and pragmatics") In order to decongest and replace Manila, a new capital city was planned on the hills on the outskirts of city, and its [masterplan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_Plan) was approved by the Philippine government in 1941.[\[38\]](../../page/6/#ref-38 "note 38")[89](../../89/ "tree and pragmatics") On October 12, 1939, Commonwealth Act No. 502 was passed by the [National Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines), which created Quezon City, the new national capital that is set to replace Manila.[\[39\]](../../page/6/#ref-39 "note 39")[90](../../90/ "tree and pragmatics") The following barrios or [sitios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio): [Balingasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balingasa), Balintawak, Galas, Kaingin, Kangkong, La Loma, Malamig, Masambong, Matalahib, San Isidro, San José, Santol, and [Tatalon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatalon) from [Caloocan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocan);[\[40\]](../../page/6/#ref-40 "note 40") Cubao, the western half of Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, Roxas, and San Francisco del Monte from [San Juan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila); Balara, Barangka, the eastern half of Diliman, Jesús de la Peña and [Krus na Ligas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krus_na_Ligas)[\[41\]](../../page/6/#ref-41 "note 41") from [Marikina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marikina); Libis, Santolan and Ugong Norte from [Pasig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasig), Greenhills and the nearby areas surrounding [Wack Wack Golf and Country Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wack_Wack_Golf_and_Country_Club) from [Mandaluyong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong), and some barrios of Montalban and San Mateo were to be given to the new capital city.[91](../../91/ "tree and pragmatics") Instead of opposing the move, the seven towns willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief it would benefit the country.[92](../../92/ "tree and pragmatics") The city was originally to be known as Balintawak City according to the first bill filed by Assemblyman Ramón P. Mitra Sr. from [Mountain Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Province), but Assemblymen [Narciso Ramos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narciso_Ramos) and [Eugenio Pérez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Pérez), both from [Pangasinan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasinan), amended and successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the President in honor of his role in its creation.[\[42\]](../../page/6/#ref-42 "note 42")[\[43\]](../../page/6/#ref-43 "note 43")[\[38\]](../../page/6/#ref-38 "note 38")[93](../../93/ "tree and pragmatics") The establishment of Quezon City in turn stopped full implementation of the Burnham Plan of Manila, and the funds were diverted to building the new capital.[94](../../94/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Japanese occupation In 1942, during the [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II), [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines) [Manuel L. Quezon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon) created the [City of Greater Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Greater_Manila) as an emergency measure, merging the cities of Manila and Quezon City, along with the municipalities of [Caloocan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocan), [Makati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati), [Mandaluyong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong), [Parañaque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parañaque), [Pasay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasay), and [San Juan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila).[\[44\]](../../page/6/#ref-44 "note 44")[95](../../95/ "tree and pragmatics") Furthermore, Manila was divided into the districts of Bagumbuhay, Bagumpanahon, Bagumbayan, and Bagungdiwa, while Quezon City was divided into the districts of Diliman and Balintawak.[\[45\]](../../page/6/#ref-45 "note 45")[96](../../96/ "tree and pragmatics") [Jorge B. Vargas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_B._Vargas) was appointed as its first mayor.[97](../../97/ "tree and pragmatics") Mayors in the municipalities and heads in the city districts included in the City of Greater Manila served as district chiefs.[98](../../98/ "tree and pragmatics") This was to ensure that Vargas, who was Quezon's principal lieutenant for administrative matters, would have a position of authority recognized under international military law.[99](../../99/ "tree and pragmatics") The City of Greater Manila served as a model for modern Metro Manila, and the administrative functions of the Governor of Metro Manila that was established under Marcos rule.[100](../../100/ "tree and pragmatics") After World War II, in 1945, President [Sergio Osmeña](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osmeña) signed Executive Order No. 58, which dissolved the city of Greater Manila instituted by former President Quezon.[\[46\]](../../page/6/#ref-46 "note 46")[101](../../101/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Late 20th and early 21st centuries [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) resulted in the loss of more than 100,000 lives in the [battle of Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_%281945%29) in 1945.[102](../../102/ "tree and pragmatics") Most of the developments in Burnham's design were also destroyed.[103](../../103/ "tree and pragmatics") Later on, Quezon City was eventually declared as the [national capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_capital) in 1948 and its territory was expanded to include the areas formerly under the jurisdiction of Caloocan, Marikina, and [San Mateo, Rizal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo,_Rizal).[104](../../104/ "tree and pragmatics") On February 27, 1975, a [referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Philippine_executive_and_legislative_powers_referendum) was held wherein residents of Greater Manila approved granting President [Ferdinand Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos) the authority to restructure the local governments into an integrated system like a manager-commission for under such terms and conditions as he may decide.[105](../../105/ "tree and pragmatics") On November 7, 1975, Metro [Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila) [corpus](../../../Manila/ "in our corpus") was formally established through Presidential Decree No. 824.[106](../../106/ "tree and pragmatics") The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the region.[\[1\]](../../page/6/#ref-1 "note 1")[107](../../107/ "tree and pragmatics") On June 2, 1978, through Presidential Decree No. 1396, the metropolitan area was declared the National Capital Region of the Philippines.[\[3\]](../../page/6/#ref-3 "note 3")[108](../../108/ "tree and pragmatics") When Metro Manila was established, there were four cities, Manila, [Quezon City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City), [Caloocan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocan), [Pasay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasay) and the thirteen municipalities of [Las Piñas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Piñas), [Makati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati), [Malabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabon), [Mandaluyong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong), [Marikina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marikina), [Muntinlupa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntinlupa), [Navotas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navotas), [Parañaque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parañaque), [Pasig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasig), [Pateros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pateros), [San Juan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila), [Taguig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig), and [Valenzuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenzuela,_Philippines).[109](../../109/ "tree and pragmatics") President Marcos appointed his wife, [First Lady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Spouse_of_the_Philippines) [Imelda Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imelda_Marcos), as the first [governor of Metro Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Metro_Manila) in 1975, with her holding the position until 1986.[110](../../110/ "tree and pragmatics") As governor, she launched the [City of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Man) campaign, with the [Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines_Complex), Metropolitan [Folk Arts Theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanghalang_Francisco_Balagtas), [Philippine International Convention Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_International_Convention_Center), [Coconut Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_Palace) and healthcare facilities such as the [Lung Center of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_Center_of_the_Philippines), [Philippine Heart Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Heart_Center), and the [Kidney Center of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Kidney_and_Transplant_Institute) all being constructed precisely for this purpose.[111](../../111/ "tree and pragmatics") Most of these buildings are built in Brutalist style while incorporating tropical elements and Filipino motifs.[112](../../112/ "tree and pragmatics") The Marcos regime also re-designated [Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila) [corpus](../../../Manila/ "in our corpus") as the capital of the Philippines in 1976 through Presidential Decree No. 940.[113](../../113/ "tree and pragmatics") The decree states that Manila has always been, to the Filipino people and in the eyes of the world, the premier city of the Philippines, being the center of trade, commerce, education, and culture.[114](../../114/ "tree and pragmatics") While the then-newly formed region was designated as the [seat of government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_of_government).[\[47\]](../../page/6/#ref-47 "note 47")[115](../../115/ "tree and pragmatics") On July 12, 1980, President [Ferdinand Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos) created the [Light Rail Transit Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Rail_Transit_Authority) (LRTA) and assigned [First Lady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady) and [Governor of Metro Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Metro_Manila) [Imelda Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imelda_Marcos) as its chairman.[116](../../116/ "tree and pragmatics") In the late 1981, Manila started its construction of its first metro line, the [LRT Line 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRT_Line_1_%28Metro_Manila%29).[117](../../117/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1984, the southern section of the line along [Taft Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_Avenue) was opened.[118](../../118/ "tree and pragmatics") The northern section up to [Monumento](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_station) was opened in 1985.[\[48\]](../../page/6/#ref-48 "note 48")[\[49\]](../../page/6/#ref-49 "note 49")[119](../../119/ "tree and pragmatics") President Marcos was overthrown in a [non-violent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence) revolution along [EDSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSA), which lasted four days in late February 1986.[120](../../120/ "tree and pragmatics") The popular uprising, now known as the [People Power Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution), made international headlines as "the revolution that surprised the world".[\[50\]](../../page/6/#ref-50 "note 50")[121](../../121/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1986, President [Corazon Aquino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino) laid down the Executive Order No. 392, reorganizing and changing the structure of the Metropolitan Manila Commission and renamed it to the Metropolitan Manila Authority.[122](../../122/ "tree and pragmatics") [Mayors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayors_of_Metro_Manila) in the metropolis chose from among themselves the chair of the agency.[123](../../123/ "tree and pragmatics") Another reorganization took place in 1995 by virtue of Republic Act No. 7924, creating the present-day [Metropolitan Manila Development Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Manila_Development_Authority).[124](../../124/ "tree and pragmatics") The chairperson of the agency would be appointed by the President and should not have a concurrent elected position such as mayor.[125](../../125/ "tree and pragmatics") Elfren Cruz was the last to serve as the officer-in-charge governor of Metro Manila.[\[51\]](../../page/6/#ref-51 "note 51")[126](../../126/ "tree and pragmatics") Throughout 1988, unemployment among the country's regions was highest in Metro Manila, with 20.1% of the region's workforce being jobless.[\[52\]](../../page/6/#ref-52 "note 52")[\[53\]](../../page/6/#ref-53 "note 53")[127](../../127/ "tree and pragmatics") The rate remained steady into 1991.[\[54\]](../../page/6/#ref-54 "note 54")[128](../../128/ "tree and pragmatics") By the year 2000, the unemployment rate in Metro Manila is at 20%.[\[55\]](../../page/6/#ref-55 "note 55")[\[56\]](../../page/6/#ref-56 "note 56")[129](../../129/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1994, [Mandaluyong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong) became a highly urbanized city, and was followed by the municipalities of [Makati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati), [Muntinlupa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntinlupa), and [Pasig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasig), which finally became a highly urbanized city in 1995.[130](../../130/ "tree and pragmatics") In the same year, the construction of [Metro Manila Skyway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila_Skyway) began, an elevated expressway that will link the north and south corridor of the metropolis.[131](../../131/ "tree and pragmatics") Mass transit projects also began construction in 1996, with the [LRT Line 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRT_Line_2_%28Metro_Manila%29) and [MRT Line 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRT_Line_3_%28Metro_Manila%29) commencing construction in that year.[132](../../132/ "tree and pragmatics") [Marikina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marikina) also became a highly urbanized city in 1996, followed by [Las Piñas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Piñas) in 1997, and by [Parañaque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parañaque) and [Valenzuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila) in 1998.[133](../../133/ "tree and pragmatics") In the year 2000, a [series of bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Day_bombings) occurred perpetuated by [Islamic terrorists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism).[134](../../134/ "tree and pragmatics") MRT Line 3 was opened to the public in the same year, while LRT Line 2 opened in 2004.[\[57\]](../../page/6/#ref-57 "note 57")[\[58\]](../../page/6/#ref-58 "note 58")[135](../../135/ "tree and pragmatics") [Malabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabon) become a highly urbanized city in 2001, followed by [Taguig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig) in 2004, and finally by [Navotas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navotas) and [San Juan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila) in 2007.[136](../../136/ "tree and pragmatics") Only [Pateros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pateros) remains a municipality.[137](../../137/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2009, [Typhoon Ketsana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Ketsana) hit Metro Manila and surrounding provinces, causing widespread flooding that killed 448 people in region.[138](../../138/ "tree and pragmatics") A state of calamity was declared in the metropolis and surrounding provinces.[139](../../139/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2014, the [Metro Manila Dream Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila_Dream_Plan) was formulated, an integrated plan which aims to address the region's problems in the areas of transportation, land use, and environment.[140](../../140/ "tree and pragmatics") In the same year, [San Pedro, Laguna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Laguna) was proposed to be Metro Manila' 18th member city by MMDA's then-Chairman [Francis Tolentino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Tolentino).[\[59\]](../../page/6/#ref-59 "note 59")[141](../../141/ "tree and pragmatics") Senator [Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koko_Pimentel) filed Senate Bill No. 3029, which seeks to create San Pedro as a separate legislative district to commence in the next national and local elections if the bill was passed into law.[\[60\]](../../page/6/#ref-60 "note 60")[\[61\]](../../page/6/#ref-61 "note 61")[142](../../142/ "tree and pragmatics") The [MRT Line 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRT_Line_7_%28Metro_Manila%29) began construction in 2016, more than a decade after the metropolis completed its last metro line.[143](../../143/ "tree and pragmatics") A year later, in 2017, the south extension of LRT Line 1 commenced construction, and it opened to the public in 2024.[144](../../144/ "tree and pragmatics") It added 6 km of length to the total LRT Line 1 System.[145](../../145/ "tree and pragmatics") Meanwhile, LRT Line 2 was extended up to [Antipolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipolo), [Rizal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_%28province%29), which was completed in 2021.[146](../../146/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Metro Manila Subway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila_Subway) started its construction in 2019, connecting the cities of [Valenzuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila), [Quezon City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City), [Pasig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasig), [Taguig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig), [Parañaque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parañaque) and [Pasay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasay).[147](../../147/ "tree and pragmatics") It is the most expensive railway project of the Philippines to date.[148](../../148/ "tree and pragmatics") In January 2020, Manila [confirmed its first case of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila), a 38-year-old Chinese woman from [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan), the origin of the disease, who travelled to the Philippines.[\[62\]](../../page/6/#ref-62 "note 62")[149](../../149/ "tree and pragmatics") Three days later, the second confirmed case was a 44-year-old male Chinese national, who was the companion of the first confirmed patient.[\[63\]](../../page/6/#ref-63 "note 63")[150](../../150/ "tree and pragmatics") Both patients received treatment at the [San Lazaro Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lazaro_Hospital,_Manila) with the latter being reported to have died from the disease on February 2, becoming the first known fatality outside [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) [corpus](../../../China/ "in our corpus").[\[63\]](../../page/6/#ref-63 "note 63")[151](../../151/ "tree and pragmatics") After a month of no new cases in the country, the first case of someone without travel history abroad was confirmed on March 5, a 62-year-old male who frequented a Muslim prayer hall in [San Juan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila), raising suspicions that a community transmission of COVID-19 is already underway.[152](../../152/ "tree and pragmatics") The man's wife was confirmed to have contracted COVID-19 on March 7, which was also the first local transmission to be confirmed.[\[64\]](../../page/6/#ref-64 "note 64")[\[65\]](../../page/6/#ref-65 "note 65")[153](../../153/ "tree and pragmatics") The pandemic [necessitated lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon) and strained the region's health infrastructure.[154](../../154/ "tree and pragmatics") By March 2023, much of the restrictions have been lifted, and by May of the same year, Metro Manila recorded a total of more than 1.3 million cases with 13,829 deaths from COVID-19-related complications.[155](../../155/ "tree and pragmatics") In April 2022, Makati [lost the territorial dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati–Taguig_boundary_dispute) with [Taguig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig) regarding the Fort Bonifacio Military Reservation, which was ruled with finality a year later in April 2023.[156](../../156/ "tree and pragmatics") The entire military reservation which includes Bonifacio Global City, and the ten Enlisted Men's Barrios (EMBO) barangays, were declared as part of Taguig and were reintegrated to city in 2023.[\[66\]](../../page/6/#ref-66 "note 66")[\[67\]](../../page/6/#ref-67 "note 67")[\[68\]](../../page/6/#ref-68 "note 68")[157](../../157/ "tree and pragmatics") Further territorial changes occurred in 2024, when [Las Piñas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Piñas) delineated the boundaries of its 20 barangays in order to settle the overlapping boundaries of its villages.[\[69\]](../../page/6/#ref-69 "note 69")[158](../../158/ "tree and pragmatics") In the same year, barangay [Bagong Silang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagong_Silang) in [Caloocan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocan) was split into 5 smaller barangays due to its sheer size and large population.[\[70\]](../../page/6/#ref-70 "note 70")[159](../../159/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2026, [Parañaque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parañaque) altered the boundary of its 5 coastal barangays to conform to the straight line policy.[\[71\]](../../page/6/#ref-71 "note 71")[160](../../160/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Metro_Manila/) **2** [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Metro_Manila/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Metro_Manila/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Metro_Manila/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Metro_Manila/page/6/) - ← previous: [page 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Metro_Manila/) - next →: [page 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Metro_Manila/page/3/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)