---
title: In 1988 there was electoral fraud, with results showing that Salinas… — Mexico · tree and pragmatics
description: In 1988 there was electoral fraud, with results showing that Salinas had won the election by the narrowest percentage ever. Who acts: electoral fraud, Salinas. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Mexico» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Mexico, sentence 190

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From Wikipedia, [«Mexico»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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In 1988 there was electoral fraud, with results showing that Salinas had won the election by the narrowest percentage ever.

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**Who acts:** electoral fraud, Salinas · **What happens:** be, show, win · **To what, where:** 1988, election · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Mexico». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (electoral fraud, Salinas), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Mexico:190
# text = In 1988 there was electoral fraud, with results showing that Salinas had won the election by the narrowest percentage ever.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	1988	1988	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	obl	_	_
3	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	4	expl	_	_
4	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	electoral	electoral	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	fraud	fraud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	results	result	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
10	showing	show	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	acl	_	_
11	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
12	Salinas	Salinas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
13	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	won	win	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	ccomp	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	election	election	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	narrowest	narrow	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	20	amod	_	_
20	percentage	percentage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
21	ever	ever	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | electoral fraud and results |  |  | 1988; there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in 1988=Location |
| 2 | **show** | gerund | electoral fraud and results *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **win** | past · perfect | Salinas | the election |  |  | ever | by the narrowest percentage | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent election=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Mexico», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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