---
title: The new railway line has virtually replaced the old metre-gauge rail… — Nairobi · tree and pragmatics
description: The new railway line has virtually replaced the old metre-gauge railway. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Nairobi» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Nairobi, sentence 411

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From Wikipedia, [«Nairobi»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The new railway line has virtually replaced the old metre-gauge railway.

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**What happens:** replace · **To what, where:** new railway line

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Nairobi». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Nairobi:411
# text = The new railway line has virtually replaced the old metre-gauge railway.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	railway	railway	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	virtually	virtually	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	replaced	replace	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
9	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
10	metre	metre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	gauge	gauge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	railway	railway	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **replace** | present · perfect · passive |  | the new railway line |  |  |  | the old gauge railway *obj*; virtually *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Nairobi», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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