--- title: Namibia — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 2 description: Wikipedia's «Namibia», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Namibia/page/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Namibia # Namibia · page 2 From Wikipedia, [«Namibia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Namibia/) **2** [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Namibia/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Namibia/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Namibia/page/5/) Namibia became one of several flashpoints for [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War) proxy conflicts in southern Africa during the years of the PLAN insurgency.[\[57\]](../../page/5/#ref-57 "note 57")[84](../../84/ "tree and pragmatics") The insurgents sought out weapons and sent recruits to the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) for military training.[\[58\]](../../page/5/#ref-58 "note 58")[85](../../85/ "tree and pragmatics") As the PLAN war effort gained momentum, the Soviet Union and other states such as Cuba continued to increase their support, deploying advisers to train the insurgents directly as well as supplying more weapons and ammunition.[\[59\]](../../page/5/#ref-59 "note 59")[86](../../86/ "tree and pragmatics") SWAPO's leadership, dependent on Soviet, Angolan, and Cuban military aid, positioned the movement firmly within the socialist bloc by 1975.[\[60\]](../../page/5/#ref-60 "note 60")[87](../../87/ "tree and pragmatics") This practical alliance reinforced the external perception of SWAPO as a Soviet proxy, which dominated Cold War rhetoric in South Africa and the United States.[\[48\]](../../page/5/#ref-48 "note 48")[88](../../88/ "tree and pragmatics") For its part, the Soviet Union supported SWAPO partly because it viewed South Africa as a regional Western ally.[\[61\]](../../page/5/#ref-61 "note 61")[89](../../89/ "tree and pragmatics") Growing war weariness and the reduction of tensions between the superpowers compelled South Africa, Angola, and Cuba to accede to the [Tripartite Accord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Accord_%28Angola%29), under pressure from both the Soviet Union and the United States.[\[62\]](../../page/5/#ref-62 "note 62")[90](../../90/ "tree and pragmatics") South Africa accepted Namibian independence in exchange for Cuban military withdrawal from the region and an Angolan commitment to cease all aid to PLAN.[\[63\]](../../page/5/#ref-63 "note 63")[91](../../91/ "tree and pragmatics") PLAN and South Africa adopted an informal ceasefire in August 1988, and a [United Nations Transition Assistance Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Transition_Assistance_Group) (UNTAG) was formed to monitor the Namibian peace process and supervise the return of refugees.[\[64\]](../../page/5/#ref-64 "note 64")[92](../../92/ "tree and pragmatics") The ceasefire ended after PLAN made a final incursion into the territory, possibly as a result of misunderstanding UNTAG's directives, in March 1989.[\[65\]](../../page/5/#ref-65 "note 65")[93](../../93/ "tree and pragmatics") A new ceasefire was later imposed with the condition that the insurgents were to be confined to their external bases in Angola until they could be disarmed and demobilised by UNTAG.[\[64\]](../../page/5/#ref-64 "note 64")[\[66\]](../../page/5/#ref-66 "note 66")[94](../../94/ "tree and pragmatics") By the end of the 11-month transition period, the last South African troops had been withdrawn from Namibia, all political prisoners granted amnesty, racially discriminatory legislation repealed, and 42,000 Namibian refugees returned to their homes.[\[60\]](../../page/5/#ref-60 "note 60")[95](../../95/ "tree and pragmatics") Just over 97% of eligible voters participated in the country's first [parliamentary elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibian_parliamentary_election,_1989) held under a [universal franchise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_franchise).[\[67\]](../../page/5/#ref-67 "note 67")[96](../../96/ "tree and pragmatics") The United Nations plan included oversight by [foreign election observers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_monitoring) in an effort to ensure a [free and fair election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election#Non-democratic_elections).[97](../../97/ "tree and pragmatics") SWAPO won a plurality of seats in the [Constituent Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Constituent_Assembly_of_Namibia) with 57% of the popular vote.[\[67\]](../../page/5/#ref-67 "note 67")[98](../../98/ "tree and pragmatics") This gave the party 41 seats, but not a two-thirds majority, which would have enabled it to draft the constitution on its own.[\[67\]](../../page/5/#ref-67 "note 67")[99](../../99/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Namibian Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Namibia) was adopted in February 1990.[100](../../100/ "tree and pragmatics") It incorporated protection for human rights and compensation for state expropriations of private property and established an independent judiciary, legislature, and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly).[101](../../101/ "tree and pragmatics") The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990.[\[68\]](../../page/5/#ref-68 "note 68")[\[32\]](../../page/5/#ref-32 "note 32")[102](../../102/ "tree and pragmatics") [Sam Nujoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Nujoma) was sworn in as the first [President of Namibia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Namibia) at a ceremony attended by [Nelson Mandela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela) of South Africa (who had been released from prison the previous month) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state.[\[69\]](../../page/5/#ref-69 "note 69")[103](../../103/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1994, shortly before the first multiracial elections in South Africa, that country ceded Walvis Bay to Namibia.[\[70\]](../../page/5/#ref-70 "note 70")[104](../../104/ "tree and pragmatics") ### After independence Since independence Namibia has completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy.[105](../../105/ "tree and pragmatics") [Multiparty democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiparty_democracy) was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and [national elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Namibia) held regularly.[106](../../106/ "tree and pragmatics") Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although the [SWAPO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAPO) has won every election since independence.[\[71\]](../../page/5/#ref-71 "note 71")[107](../../107/ "tree and pragmatics") The transition from the 15-year rule of President [Nujoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Nujoma) to his successor [Hifikepunye Pohamba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hifikepunye_Pohamba) in 2005 went smoothly.[\[72\]](../../page/5/#ref-72 "note 72")[108](../../108/ "tree and pragmatics") Since independence, the Namibian government has promoted a policy of national reconciliation.[109](../../109/ "tree and pragmatics") It issued an amnesty for those who fought on either side during the liberation war.[110](../../110/ "tree and pragmatics") The civil war in Angola spilled over and adversely affected Namibians living in the north of the country.[111](../../111/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1998, [Namibia Defence Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_Defence_Force) (NDF) troops were sent to the [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) [corpus](../../../Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/ "in our corpus") as part of a [Southern African Development Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community) (SADC) contingent.[112](../../112/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1999, the national government quashed a secessionist attempt in the northeastern [Caprivi Strip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprivi_Strip).[\[72\]](../../page/5/#ref-72 "note 72")[113](../../113/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Caprivi conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprivi_conflict) was initiated by the [Caprivi Liberation Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprivi_Liberation_Army) (CLA), a [rebel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion) group led by [Mishake Muyongo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishake_Muyongo).[114](../../114/ "tree and pragmatics") It wanted the Caprivi Strip to secede and form its own society.[\[73\]](../../page/5/#ref-73 "note 73")[115](../../115/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2007, [Twyfelfontein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twyfelfontein) was inscribed as a cultural [UNESCO World Heritage Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site), a prehistoric site with one of the largest concentrations of rock engravings on the African continent.[\[74\]](../../page/5/#ref-74 "note 74")[116](../../116/ "tree and pragmatics") In December 2014, Prime Minister [Hage Geingob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hage_Geingob), the candidate of ruling SWAPO, won the [presidential elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Namibian_general_election), taking 87% of the vote.[117](../../117/ "tree and pragmatics") His predecessor, President [Hifikepunye Pohamba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hifikepunye_Pohamba), also of SWAPO, had served the maximum two terms allowed by the constitution.[\[75\]](../../page/5/#ref-75 "note 75")[118](../../118/ "tree and pragmatics") In December 2019, President Hage Geingob was [re-elected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Namibian_general_election) for a second term, taking 56.3% of the vote.[\[76\]](../../page/5/#ref-76 "note 76")[119](../../119/ "tree and pragmatics") On 4 February 2024, President Hage Geingob died and he was immediately succeeded by vice-president [Nangolo Mbumba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangolo_Mbumba) as new President of Namibia who finished the late President's term as it came to an end in March 2025.[\[77\]](../../page/5/#ref-77 "note 77")[120](../../120/ "tree and pragmatics") SWAPO's first female presidential candidate, [Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netumbo_Nandi-Ndaitwah), was declared the winner of the [2024 elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Namibian_general_election) with 57% of the vote.[\[78\]](../../page/5/#ref-78 "note 78")[121](../../121/ "tree and pragmatics") On 21 March 2025, she was sworn in as Namibia's new president.[\[79\]](../../page/5/#ref-79 "note 79")[122](../../122/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Geography Main article: [Geography of Namibia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Namibia) At 825615 km2,[\[80\]](../../page/5/#ref-80 "note 80") Namibia is the world's 34th largest country (after [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela) [corpus](../../../Venezuela/ "in our corpus")).[123](../../123/ "tree and pragmatics") It lies mostly between latitudes [17°](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_parallel_south) and [29°S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_parallel_south) (a small area is north of 17°), and longitudes [11°](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_meridian_east) and [26°E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_meridian_east).[124](../../124/ "tree and pragmatics") The Namibian landscape consists generally of five geographical areas, each with characteristic [abiotic conditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiotic_component) and vegetation, with some variation within and overlap between them: the Central Plateau, the [Namib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namib) Desert, the [Great Escarpment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Escarpment,_Southern_Africa), the [Bushveld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushveld), and the [Kalahari Desert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_Desert).[125](../../125/ "tree and pragmatics") Namibia is situated between the Namib and [Kalahari Deserts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_Desert).[126](../../126/ "tree and pragmatics") Namibia has the least rainfall of any country in sub-Saharan Africa.[\[81\]](../../page/5/#ref-81 "note 81")[127](../../127/ "tree and pragmatics") The Namib is a broad expanse of hyper-arid gravel plains and dunes that stretches along Namibia's entire coastline.[128](../../128/ "tree and pragmatics") It varies between 100 and 200 km in width.[129](../../129/ "tree and pragmatics") Areas within the Namib include the Skeleton Coast and the [Kaokoveld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaokoveld) in the north and the extensive Namib Sand Sea along the central coast.[\[24\]](../../page/5/#ref-24 "note 24")[130](../../130/ "tree and pragmatics") The Central Plateau runs from north to south, bordered by the [Skeleton Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_Coast) (a coastal desert) to the northwest, the Namib Desert and its coastal plains to the southwest, the [Orange River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River) to the south, and the Kalahari Desert to the east.[131](../../131/ "tree and pragmatics") The Central Plateau is home to the highest point in Namibia at [Königstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Königstein,_Namibia) elevation 2573 m.[\[82\]](../../page/5/#ref-82 "note 82")[\[83\]](../../page/5/#ref-83 "note 83")[132](../../132/ "tree and pragmatics") The Great Escarpment swiftly rises to over 2000 m. Average temperatures and temperature ranges increase further inland from the cold Atlantic waters, while the lingering coastal fogs slowly diminish.[133](../../133/ "tree and pragmatics") Although the area is rocky with poorly developed soils, it is significantly more productive than the Namib Desert.[134](../../134/ "tree and pragmatics") As summer winds are forced over the Escarpment, moisture is extracted as precipitation.[\[84\]](../../page/5/#ref-84 "note 84")[135](../../135/ "tree and pragmatics") The Bushveld is found in north-eastern Namibia along the Angolan border and in the Caprivi Strip.[136](../../136/ "tree and pragmatics") The area receives a significantly greater amount of precipitation than the rest of the country, averaging around 400 mm per year.[137](../../137/ "tree and pragmatics") The area is generally flat and the soils sandy, limiting their ability to retain water and support agriculture.[\[85\]](../../page/5/#ref-85 "note 85")[138](../../138/ "tree and pragmatics") The Kalahari Desert, an arid region that extends into South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features.[139](../../139/ "tree and pragmatics") The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas.[140](../../140/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Succulent Karoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_Karoo) is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them [endemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism); approximately 10 percent of the world's [succulents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulents) are found in the Karoo.[\[86\]](../../page/5/#ref-86 "note 86")[\[87\]](../../page/5/#ref-87 "note 87")[141](../../141/ "tree and pragmatics") The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation.[\[88\]](../../page/5/#ref-88 "note 88")[142](../../142/ "tree and pragmatics") Namibia's Coastal Desert is one of the oldest deserts in the world.[143](../../143/ "tree and pragmatics") Its sand dunes, created by the strong onshore winds, are the highest in the world.[\[89\]](../../page/5/#ref-89 "note 89")[144](../../144/ "tree and pragmatics") Because of the location of the shoreline, at the point where the Atlantic's cold water reaches Africa's hot climate, often extremely dense fog forms along the coast.[\[90\]](../../page/5/#ref-90 "note 90")[145](../../145/ "tree and pragmatics") Near the coast there are areas where the dune-hummocks are vegetated.[\[91\]](../../page/5/#ref-91 "note 91")[146](../../146/ "tree and pragmatics") Namibia has rich coastal and marine resources that remain largely unexplored.[\[92\]](../../page/5/#ref-92 "note 92")[147](../../147/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Caprivi Strip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprivi_Strip) extends east from the northeastern corner of the country.[148](../../148/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Urban settlements Main article: [List of cities and towns in Namibia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Namibia) Namibia has 13 cities, governed by municipalities and 26 towns, governed by town councils.[\[93\]](../../page/5/#ref-93 "note 93")[\[94\]](../../page/5/#ref-94 "note 94")[149](../../149/ "tree and pragmatics") The capital Windhoek is by far the largest urban settlement in Namibia.[150](../../150/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Climate Namibia extends from 17°S to 25°S latitude: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt.[151](../../151/ "tree and pragmatics") Its overall climate description is arid, descending from the Sub-Humid \[mean rain above 500 mm\] through Semi-Arid \[between 300 and 500 mm\] (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid \[from 150 to 300 mm\] (these three regions are inland from the western [escarpment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Escarpment,_Southern_Africa)) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain \[less than 100 mm\].[152](../../152/ "tree and pragmatics") Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, [Warmbad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warmbad,_Namibia) for instance, are maxima above 40 C recorded.[\[95\]](../../page/5/#ref-95 "note 95")[153](../../153/ "tree and pragmatics") Typically the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, with frequent clear skies, provides more than 300 days of sunshine per year.[154](../../154/ "tree and pragmatics") It is situated at the southern edge of the tropics; the [Tropic of Capricorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn) cuts the country about in half.[155](../../155/ "tree and pragmatics") The winter (June–August) is generally dry.[156](../../156/ "tree and pragmatics") Both rainy seasons occur in summer: the small rainy season between September and November, and the big one between February and April.[\[96\]](../../page/5/#ref-96 "note 96")[157](../../157/ "tree and pragmatics") Humidity is low, and average rainfall varies from almost zero in the [Skeleton Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_Coast) (a coastal desert) to more than 600 mm in the Caprivi Strip.[158](../../158/ "tree and pragmatics") Rainfall is highly variable, and droughts are common.[\[97\]](../../page/5/#ref-97 "note 97")[159](../../159/ "tree and pragmatics") In the summer of 2006–07 the rainfall was recorded far below the annual average.[\[98\]](../../page/5/#ref-98 "note 98")[160](../../160/ "tree and pragmatics") In May 2019, Namibia declared a state of emergency in response to the drought,[\[99\]](../../page/5/#ref-99 "note 99") and extended it by an additional 6 months in October 2019.[\[100\]](../../page/5/#ref-100 "note 100")[161](../../161/ "tree and pragmatics") Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing [Benguela Current](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benguela_Current) of the Atlantic Ocean, which accounts for very low [precipitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_%28meteorology%29) (50 mm per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country.[\[97\]](../../page/5/#ref-97 "note 97")[162](../../162/ "tree and pragmatics") In Winter, occasionally a condition known as [Bergwind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergwind) (German for "mountain wind") or Oosweer ([Afrikaans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans) for "east weather") occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast.[163](../../163/ "tree and pragmatics") As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms, leaving sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are visible on satellite images.[\[101\]](../../page/5/#ref-101 "note 101")[164](../../164/ "tree and pragmatics") The Central Plateau and Kalahari areas have wide [diurnal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation) temperature ranges of up to 30C (54F).[\[97\]](../../page/5/#ref-97 "note 97")[165](../../165/ "tree and pragmatics") Efundja, the annual seasonal flooding of the northern parts of the country, often causes not only damage to infrastructure but loss of life.[\[102\]](../../page/5/#ref-102 "note 102")[166](../../166/ "tree and pragmatics") The rains that cause these floods originate in Angola, flow into Namibia's [Cuvelai-Etosha Basin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvelai-Etosha_Basin), and fill the oshanas ([Oshiwambo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshiwambo): flood plains) there.[167](../../167/ "tree and pragmatics") The worst floods as of 2012 occurred in March 2011 and displaced 21,000 people.[\[103\]](../../page/5/#ref-103 "note 103")[168](../../168/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Water sources Main article: [Water supply and sanitation in Namibia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Namibia) Namibia is the driest country in [sub-Saharan Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa) and depends largely on groundwater.[169](../../169/ "tree and pragmatics") With an average rainfall of about 350 mm per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi Strip in the northeast (about 600 mm per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm and less per annum at the coast.[170](../../170/ "tree and pragmatics") The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia, and the short border with Botswana in the Caprivi Strip.[171](../../171/ "tree and pragmatics") In the interior of the country, surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls.[172](../../172/ "tree and pragmatics") Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their run-off.[173](../../173/ "tree and pragmatics") Where people do not live near perennial rivers or make use of the storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater.[174](../../174/ "tree and pragmatics") Even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources, such as mining, agriculture, and tourism, can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country.[\[104\]](../../page/5/#ref-104 "note 104")[175](../../175/ "tree and pragmatics") More than 100,000 [boreholes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehole) have been drilled in Namibia over the past century.[176](../../176/ "tree and pragmatics") One third of these boreholes have been drilled dry.[\[105\]](../../page/5/#ref-105 "note 105")[177](../../177/ "tree and pragmatics") An [aquifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer) called Ohangwena II, on both sides of the Angola-Namibia border, was discovered in 2012.[178](../../178/ "tree and pragmatics") It has been estimated to be capable of supplying a population of 800,000 people in the North for 400 years, at the current (2018) rate of consumption.[\[106\]](../../page/5/#ref-106 "note 106")[179](../../179/ "tree and pragmatics") Experts estimate that Namibia has 7720 km3 of underground water.[\[107\]](../../page/5/#ref-107 "note 107")[\[108\]](../../page/5/#ref-108 "note 108")[180](../../180/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Namibia/) **2** [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Namibia/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Namibia/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Namibia/page/5/) - ← previous: [page 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Namibia/) - next →: [page 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Namibia/page/3/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)