---
title: Due to rapid population growth, the city has many informal settlemen… — Niamey · tree and pragmatics
description: Due to rapid population growth, the city has many informal settlements, allocated semi-legally from chiefs of traditional governments, which are often excluded from public utilities. Who acts: city. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Niamey» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Niamey, sentence 15

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From Wikipedia, [«Niamey»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Due to rapid population growth, the city has many informal settlements, allocated semi-legally from chiefs of traditional governments, which are often excluded from public utilities.

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**Who acts:** city · **What happens:** have, allocate, exclude · **To what, where:** many informal settlements, chiefs, traditional governments, public utilities

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Niamey». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (city), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Niamey:15
# text = Due to rapid population growth, the city has many informal settlements, allocated semi-legally from chiefs of traditional governments, which are often excluded from public utilities.
1	Due	due	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	5	case	_	_
2	to	to	ADP	IN	_	1	fixed	_	_
3	rapid	rapid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	population	population	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
11	informal	informal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	settlements	settlement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	allocated	allocate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl	_	_
15	semi-legally	semi-legally	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
16	from	from	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	chiefs	chief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	traditional	traditional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	governments	government	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	25	nsubj:pass	_	_
23	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux:pass	_	_
24	often	often	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
25	excluded	exclude	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	20	acl	_	_
26	from	from	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	public	public	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	utilities	utility	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the city | many informal settlements |  |  |  | due rapid population growth | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent settlement=Patient |
| 2 | **allocate** | participle |  | many informal settlements *not said here* |  | chiefs of traditional governments |  | semi-legally *property* | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **exclude** | present · passive |  | traditional governments |  | public utilities |  | often *property* | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Beneficiary from utility=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Niamey», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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