---
title: Mudbrick is popular as an inexpensive, local construction method, ha… — Niamey · tree and pragmatics
description: Mudbrick is popular as an inexpensive, local construction method, having replaced lighter materials as the colonial city was established. Who acts: Mudbrick. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Niamey» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Niamey, sentence 180

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From Wikipedia, [«Niamey»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Mudbrick is popular as an inexpensive, local construction method, having replaced lighter materials as the colonial city was established.

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**Who acts:** Mudbrick · **What happens:** be, have, replace, establish · **To what, where:** replaced lighter materials, colonial city

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Niamey». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mudbrick), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Niamey:180
# text = Mudbrick is popular as an inexpensive, local construction method, having replaced lighter materials as the colonial city was established.
1	Mudbrick	Mudbrick	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	popular	popular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
6	inexpensive	inexpensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	construction	construction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	method	method	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	having	have	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	conj	_	_
13	replaced	replace	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	amod	_	_
14	lighter	light	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	15	amod	_	_
15	materials	material	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
16	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	colonial	colonial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
20	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	established	establish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Mudbrick |  |  |  |  | a inexpensive local construction method *advcl*; popular *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | gerund | Mudbrick *not said here* | replaced lighter materials |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent material=Patient |
| 3 | **replace** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **establish** | past · passive |  | the colonial city |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Niamey», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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