---
title: The city centre has poor, dense neighbourhoods that have existed sin… — Niamey · tree and pragmatics
description: The city centre has poor, dense neighbourhoods that have existed since the 1930s and 1940s. Who acts: city centre, poor dense neighbourhoods. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Niamey» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Niamey, sentence 193

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From Wikipedia, [«Niamey»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The city centre has poor, dense neighbourhoods that have existed since the 1930s and 1940s.

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**Who acts:** city centre, poor dense neighbourhoods · **What happens:** have, exist · **To what, where:** poor dense neighbourhoods

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Niamey». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (city centre, poor dense neighbourhoods), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Niamey:193
# text = The city centre has poor, dense neighbourhoods that have existed since the 1930s and 1940s.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	centre	centre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	dense	dense	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	neighbourhoods	neighbourhood	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
10	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	existed	exist	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	acl:relcl	_	_
12	since	since	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	1930s	1930	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card	11	obl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	1940s	1940	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the city centre | poor dense neighbourhoods |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent neighbourhood=Patient |
| 2 | **exist** | present · perfect | poor dense neighbourhoods |  |  |  | since the 1930s and 1940s |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Niamey», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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