---
title: Code switching between Hausa, Zarma, and French is common. — Niamey · tree and pragmatics
description: Code switching between Hausa, Zarma, and French is common. Who acts: Code, French. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Niamey» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Niamey, sentence 253

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From Wikipedia, [«Niamey»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Code switching between Hausa, Zarma, and French is common.

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**Who acts:** Code, French · **What happens:** switch, be · **To what, where:** Code

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Niamey». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Code, French), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Niamey:253
# text = Code switching between Hausa, Zarma, and French is common.
1	Code	code	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	switching	switch	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	acl	_	_
3	between	between	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Hausa	Hausa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	Zarma	Zarma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	French	French	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **switch** | gerund | Code *not said here* |  |  |  |  | between Hausa and Zarma | vn convert-26.6.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | French |  |  |  |  | common *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Niamey», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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