---
title: In the past, foreign aid has contributed to large percentages of the… — Niger · tree and pragmatics
description: In the past, foreign aid has contributed to large percentages of the budget. Who acts: foreign aid. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Niger» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Niger, sentence 268

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From Wikipedia, [«Niger»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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In the past, foreign aid has contributed to large percentages of the budget.

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**Who acts:** foreign aid · **What happens:** contribute · **To what, where:** large percentages, past

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Niger». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (foreign aid), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Niger:268
# text = In the past, foreign aid has contributed to large percentages of the budget.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	past	past	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	foreign	foreign	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	aid	aid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
7	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	contributed	contribute	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	percentages	percentage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	budget	budget	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contribute** | present · perfect | foreign aid |  | large percentages of the budget | the past |  |  | vn contribute-13.2-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to percentage=Recipient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Niger», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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