---
title: Islam had been introduced to the kingdom by Arab traders from the 11… — Niger · tree and pragmatics
description: Islam had been introduced to the kingdom by Arab traders from the 11th century, gaining more converts over the following centuries. Who acts: Arab traders. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Niger» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Niger, sentence 65

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From Wikipedia, [«Niger»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Islam had been introduced to the kingdom by Arab traders from the 11th century, gaining more converts over the following centuries.

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**Who acts:** Arab traders · **What happens:** introduce, gain, follow · **To what, where:** Islam, more converts

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Niger». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Arab traders), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Niger:65
# text = Islam had been introduced to the kingdom by Arab traders from the 11th century, gaining more converts over the following centuries.
1	Islam	Islam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	introduced	introduce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	kingdom	kingdom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	Arab	Arab	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	traders	trader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl:agent	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	11th	11th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	gaining	gain	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
17	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	18	amod	_	_
18	converts	convert	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	_
19	over	over	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	22	amod	_	_
22	centuries	century	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **introduce** | past · perfect · passive | Arab traders from the 11th century | Islam |  |  |  | to the kingdom | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient to kingdom=Co-Patient |
| 2 | **gain** | gerund | Arab traders from the 11th century *not said here* | more converts |  |  | century |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent convert=Theme |
| 3 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Niger», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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