---
title: However, the elections were marred by violence, and allegations of w… — Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: However, the elections were marred by violence, and allegations of widespread vote-rigging and electoral malfeasance led to legal battles over the results. Who acts: violence, allegations. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Nigeria» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Nigeria, sentence 178

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From Wikipedia, [«Nigeria»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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However, the elections were marred by violence, and allegations of widespread vote-rigging and electoral malfeasance led to legal battles over the results.

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**Who acts:** violence, allegations · **What happens:** mar, rig, lead · **To what, where:** elections, results

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Nigeria». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (violence, allegations), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Nigeria:178
# text = However, the elections were marred by violence, and allegations of widespread vote-rigging and electoral malfeasance led to legal battles over the results.
1	However	however	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	elections	election	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	marred	mar	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	violence	violence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
11	allegations	allegation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
13	widespread	widespread	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
14	vote	vote	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	rigging	rig	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	electoral	electoral	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	conj	_	_
19	malfeasance	malfeasance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
20	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
21	to	to	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	legal	legal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	battles	battle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	_
24	over	over	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	results	result	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mar** | past · passive | violence | the elections |  |  |  | however *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **rig** | gerund | allegations of widespread malfeasance *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vote *compound* | tree rules |
| 3 | **lead** | past | allegations of widespread malfeasance |  |  | the results |  | to legal battles | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to battle=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Nigeria», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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