---
title: Nigerian Pidgin English, first used by British and African slavers t… — Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: Nigerian Pidgin English, first used by British and African slavers to facilitate the Atlantic slave trade in the late 17th century, has replaced the native language for many Nigerians. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Nigeria» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Nigeria/549/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / [Nigeria](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Nigeria/) / 549

# Nigeria, sentence 549

<!-- div src -->

From Wikipedia, [«Nigeria»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nigerian Pidgin English, first used by British and African slavers to facilitate the Atlantic slave trade in the late 17th century, has replaced the native language for many Nigerians.

<!-- .vintro -->
**What happens:** use, facilitate, replace · **To what, where:** Atlantic slave trade, Nigerian

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Nigeria». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Nigeria:549
# text = Nigerian Pidgin English, first used by British and African slavers to facilitate the Atlantic slave trade in the late 17th century, has replaced the native language for many Nigerians.
1	Nigerian	Nigerian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	Pidgin	Pidgin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	6	advmod	_	_
6	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	parataxis	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	British	British	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	African	African	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	_
11	slavers	slaver	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	facilitate	facilitate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
15	Atlantic	Atlantic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
16	slave	slave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	trade	trade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
20	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
21	17th	17th	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	22	compound	_	_
22	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
24	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
25	replaced	replace	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
27	native	native	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	_
29	for	for	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	Nigerians	Nigerian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	25	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by British slavers; first *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **facilitate** | to-infinitive |  | the Atlantic slave trade |  |  |  | in the late 17th century | tree rules |
| 3 | **replace** | present · perfect · passive |  | Nigerian |  |  |  | the native language *obj* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Nigeria», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [sentence 548](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Nigeria/548/)
- next →: [sentence 550](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Nigeria/550/)
- ↑ back to [Nigeria](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Nigeria/)