---
title: Several kingdoms that directly or indirectly participated in the Atl… — Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: Several kingdoms that directly or indirectly participated in the Atlantic slave trade were associated with the Benin Empire in the south, Oyo Empire in the southwest, and the Aro Confederacy in the southeast. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Nigeria» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Nigeria, sentence 64

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From Wikipedia, [«Nigeria»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Several kingdoms that directly or indirectly participated in the Atlantic slave trade were associated with the Benin Empire in the south, Oyo Empire in the southwest, and the Aro Confederacy in the southeast.

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**What happens:** participate, associate · **To what, where:** Several kingdoms, Atlantic slave trade, south

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Nigeria». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Nigeria:64
# text = Several kingdoms that directly or indirectly participated in the Atlantic slave trade were associated with the Benin Empire in the south, Oyo Empire in the southwest, and the Aro Confederacy in the southeast.
1	Several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	kingdoms	kingdom	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	directly	directly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	indirectly	indirectly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	participated	participate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl:relcl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	Atlantic	Atlantic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
11	slave	slave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	trade	trade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
13	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	associated	associate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	Benin	Benin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	Empire	Empire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	south	south	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
23	Oyo	Oyo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	_
24	Empire	Empire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	appos	_	_
25	in	in	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	southwest	southwest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
31	Aro	Aro	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	compound	_	_
32	Confederacy	Confederacy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
33	in	in	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	southeast	southeast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **participate** | participle · passive |  | Several kingdoms |  | the Atlantic slave trade |  | directly, indirectly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **associate** | past · passive |  | Several kingdoms |  | the south |  | with the Benin Empire; the Aro Confederacy in the southeast *obl* | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: subject=Patient with empire=Co-Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Nigeria», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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