---
title: Sir Francis Drake's famous raids on Panama in 1572–73 and John Oxenh… — Panama · tree and pragmatics
description: Sir Francis Drake's famous raids on Panama in 1572–73 and John Oxenham's crossing to the Pacific Ocean were aided by Panama cimarrons, and Spanish authorities were only able to bring them under control by making an alliance with them that guaranteed their freedom in exchange for military support in 
---

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# Panama, sentence 63

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From Wikipedia, [«Panama»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Sir Francis Drake's famous raids on Panama in 1572–73 and John Oxenham's crossing to the Pacific Ocean were aided by Panama cimarrons, and Spanish authorities were only able to bring them under control by making an alliance with them that guaranteed their freedom in exchange for military support in 1582.

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**Who acts:** Panama cimarrons, Spanish authorities, Francis, John · **What happens:** aid, be, bring, make, guarantee, raid · **To what, where:** Panama, authorities, control, alliance, freedom, exchange

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Panama». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Panama cimarrons, Spanish authorities, Francis, John), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Panama:63
# text = Sir Francis Drake's famous raids on Panama in 1572–73 and John Oxenham's crossing to the Pacific Ocean were aided by Panama cimarrons, and Spanish authorities were only able to bring them under control by making an alliance with them that guaranteed their freedom in exchange for military support in 1582.
1	Sir	Sir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod:desc	_	_
2	Francis	Francis	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	_
3	Drake	Drake	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
5	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	raids	raid	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Panama	Panama	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	1572	1572	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	–	–	SYM	SYM	ExtPos=ADP	12	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	73	73	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	10	nmod	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	John	John	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nmod:poss	_	_
15	Oxenham	Oxenham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	's	's	PART	POS	_	14	case	_	_
17	crossing	crossing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	Pacific	Pacific	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	Ocean	Ocean	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
22	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux:pass	_	_
23	aided	aid	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
24	by	by	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	Panama	Panama	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
26	cimarrons	cimarron	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
29	Spanish	Spanish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	authorities	authority	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nsubj	_	_
31	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	33	cop	_	_
32	only	only	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
33	able	able	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	advcl	_	_
34	to	to	PART	TO	_	35	mark	_	_
35	bring	bring	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	33	xcomp	_	_
36	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	35	obj	_	_
37	under	under	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
38	control	control	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	obl	_	_
39	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	40	mark	_	_
40	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	35	advcl	_	_
41	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	alliance	alliance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	obj	_	_
43	with	with	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
44	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	40	obl	_	_
45	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	46	nsubj	_	_
46	guaranteed	guarantee	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	40	acl:relcl	_	_
47	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	48	nmod:poss	_	_
48	freedom	freedom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	46	obj	_	_
49	in	in	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
50	exchange	exchange	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	46	obl	_	_
51	for	for	ADP	IN	_	53	case	_	_
52	military	military	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	53	amod	_	_
53	support	support	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	nmod	_	_
54	in	in	ADP	IN	_	55	case	_	_
55	1582	1582	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	46	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
56	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	23	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **aid** | past · passive | Panama cimarrons | Panama  Francis  Sir's famous raids in 1572 – 73  John's crossing to the Pacific Ocean |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Beneficiary |
| 2 | **is** | past | Spanish authorities |  |  |  |  | able *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **bring** | to-infinitive | Spanish authorities *not said here* | authorities *= authority* |  | control |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 4 | **make** | gerund | Spanish authorities *not said here* | a alliance |  |  |  | with authorities *= authority* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset alliance=Product |
| 5 | **guarantee** | past |  | authorities's freedom |  | exchange for military support |  | in 1582 | vn ensure-99 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition freedom=Theme |
| 6 | **raid** |  | Francis  Sir |  |  |  |  |  | nom raid «act transitive»: poss=agent |
| 7 | **cross** |  | John |  |  |  |  | to the Pacific Ocean | nom crossing «act transitive»: poss=agent to=obl |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Panama», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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