---
title: Many cultural and linguistic groups are small, although English and… — Papua New Guinea · tree and pragmatics
description: Many cultural and linguistic groups are small, although English and Tok Pisin serve as common languages. Who acts: Many cultural groups, English. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Papua New Guinea» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Papua New Guinea, sentence 18

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From Wikipedia, [«Papua New Guinea»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Many cultural and linguistic groups are small, although English and Tok Pisin serve as common languages.

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**Who acts:** Many cultural groups, English · **What happens:** be, serve

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Papua New Guinea». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Many cultural groups, English), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Papua_New_Guinea:18
# text = Many cultural and linguistic groups are small, although English and Tok Pisin serve as common languages.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
2	cultural	cultural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	linguistic	linguistic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
5	groups	group	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
9	although	although	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
10	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	Tok	Tok	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	Pisin	Pisin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
14	serve	serve	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
15	as	as	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Many cultural groups |  |  |  |  | small *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **serve** | present | English and Tok |  |  |  |  | as common languages | vn masquerade-29.6-2 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as language=Attribute |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Papua New Guinea», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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