---
title: The country's terrain has made it difficult for the country to devel… — Papua New Guinea · tree and pragmatics
description: The country's terrain has made it difficult for the country to develop transportation infrastructure, resulting in air travel being the most efficient and reliable means of transportation. Who acts: efficient. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Papua New Guinea» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Papua New Guinea, sentence 463

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From Wikipedia, [«Papua New Guinea»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The country's terrain has made it difficult for the country to develop transportation infrastructure, resulting in air travel being the most efficient and reliable means of transportation.

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**Who acts:** efficient · **What happens:** make, develop, result, be, mean · **To what, where:** terrain, transportation infrastructure, air travel · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Papua New Guinea». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (efficient), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Papua_New_Guinea:463
# text = The country's terrain has made it difficult for the country to develop transportation infrastructure, resulting in air travel being the most efficient and reliable means of transportation.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	terrain	terrain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	expl	_	_
8	difficult	difficult	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	develop	develop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
14	transportation	transportation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	resulting	result	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	27	csubj	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	travel	travel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
21	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	24	cop	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	24	advmod	_	_
24	efficient	efficient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	nsubj	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	reliable	reliable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	conj	_	_
27	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	transportation	transportation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · perfect · passive |  | the country's terrain |  |  |  | for the country; difficult *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP P.asset»: subject=Product for country=Asset |
| 2 | **develop** | to-infinitive |  | transportation infrastructure |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent infrastructure=Product |
| 3 | **result** | gerund |  |  |  | air travel |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in travel=Location |
| 4 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | efficient *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **be** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **mean** | present | the efficient |  |  |  |  | of transportation | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Papua New Guinea», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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