---
title: Indigenous languages are classified into two large groups, Austrones… — Papua New Guinea · tree and pragmatics
description: Indigenous languages are classified into two large groups, Austronesian languages and Papuan, although "Papuan" is a group of convenience for local non-Austronesian languages, rather than defining any linguistic relationships. Who acts: Papuan. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Papua New Guinea» with its d
---

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# Papua New Guinea, sentence 537

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From Wikipedia, [«Papua New Guinea»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Indigenous languages are classified into two large groups, Austronesian languages and Papuan, although "Papuan" is a group of convenience for local non-Austronesian languages, rather than defining any linguistic relationships.

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**Who acts:** Papuan · **What happens:** classify, be, define · **To what, where:** Indigenous languages, two large groups, group, linguistic relationships

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Papua New Guinea». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Papuan), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Papua_New_Guinea:537
# text = Indigenous languages are classified into two large groups, Austronesian languages and Papuan, although "Papuan" is a group of convenience for local non-Austronesian languages, rather than defining any linguistic relationships.
1	Indigenous	indigenous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	classified	classify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
7	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	groups	group	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	Austronesian	austronesian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	Papuan	Papuan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
15	although	although	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
16	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	Papuan	Papuan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	_
19	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	convenience	convenience	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	_
24	for	for	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
25	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
26	non-Austronesian	non-austronesian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
29	rather	rather	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	31	cc	_	_
30	than	than	ADP	IN	_	29	fixed	_	_
31	defining	define	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	_
32	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	34	det	_	_
33	linguistic	linguistic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	amod	_	_
34	relationships	relationship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **classify** | present · passive |  | Indigenous languages |  |  |  | into two large groups and Austronesian languages and Papuan *goal*; for local non-Austronesian languages | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP PP.goal»: subject=Theme into group=Goal |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Papuan | a group |  |  |  | of convenience | tree rules |
| 3 | **define** | gerund |  | any linguistic relationships |  |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent relationship=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Papua New Guinea», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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