---
title: For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods,… — Paris · tree and pragmatics
description: For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France. Who acts: representatives. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Paris» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Paris, sentence 148

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From Wikipedia, [«Paris»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France.

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**Who acts:** representatives · **What happens:** govern · **To what, where:** Paris

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Paris». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (representatives), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Paris:148
# text = For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France.
1	For	for	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	16	det	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
9	except	except	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
12	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	brief	brief	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	periods	period	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
16	Paris	Paris	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	governed	govern	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
19	directly	directly	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
20	by	by	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	representatives	representative	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	emperor	emperor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
28	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
29	president	president	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	parataxis	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	France	France	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **govern** | past · passive | representatives of the king and emperor | all Paris |  |  |  | president of France *parataxis*; directly *property* | vn supervision-95.2.2 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Paris», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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