--- title: Paris — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 3 description: Wikipedia's «Paris», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Paris is the capital and largest city of France, with an estimated city population of 2.04 million in an area of 105.4 km2, and a metropolitan population of 13.2 million as of as of 2026 Janu --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Paris # Paris · page 3 From Wikipedia, [«Paris»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/7/) ### Métropole du Grand Paris In January 2016, the [Métropole du Grand Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Paris) came into existence.[\[113\]](../../page/7/#ref-113 "note 113")[166](../../166/ "tree and pragmatics") It is an administrative structure for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs.[167](../../167/ "tree and pragmatics") It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes of the three departments of the inner suburbs, [Hauts-de-Seine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine), [Seine-Saint-Denis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis) and [Val-de-Marne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne), plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including [Argenteuil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argenteuil) in [Val d'Oise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_d%27Oise) and [Paray-Vieille-Poste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paray-Vieille-Poste) in [Essonne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne), which were added to include the major airports of Paris.[168](../../168/ "tree and pragmatics") The Metropole covers 814 km2.[169](../../169/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2015, it had a population of 6.945 million people.[\[114\]](../../page/7/#ref-114 "note 114")[\[115\]](../../page/7/#ref-115 "note 115")[170](../../170/ "tree and pragmatics") The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes.[171](../../171/ "tree and pragmatics") By 2020, its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment.[\[113\]](../../page/7/#ref-113 "note 113")[\[115\]](../../page/7/#ref-115 "note 115")[172](../../172/ "tree and pragmatics") In January 2016, [Patrick Ollier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Ollier) was elected the first president of the metropolitan council.[173](../../173/ "tree and pragmatics") Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million people and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget: just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.[\[116\]](../../page/7/#ref-116 "note 116")[174](../../174/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Regional government The [Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region) of [Île de France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Île_de_France), including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the [Regional Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Île-de-France), composed of 209 members representing the different communes.[175](../../175/ "tree and pragmatics") In December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by [Valérie Pécresse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valérie_Pécresse), narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists.[176](../../176/ "tree and pragmatics") The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years.[177](../../177/ "tree and pragmatics") The regional council has 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.[\[117\]](../../page/7/#ref-117 "note 117")[178](../../178/ "tree and pragmatics") ### National government As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's [national government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_France).[179](../../179/ "tree and pragmatics") For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices.[180](../../180/ "tree and pragmatics") The [President of the French Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France) resides at the [Élysée Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élysée_Palace).[\[118\]](../../page/7/#ref-118 "note 118")[181](../../181/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France)'s seat is at the [Hôtel Matignon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hôtel_Matignon).[\[119\]](../../page/7/#ref-119 "note 119")[\[120\]](../../page/7/#ref-120 "note 120")[182](../../182/ "tree and pragmatics") Government ministries are located in various parts of the city, many near the Hôtel Matignon.[\[121\]](../../page/7/#ref-121 "note 121")[183](../../183/ "tree and pragmatics") Both houses of the [French Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Parliament) are located on the Rive Gauche.[184](../../184/ "tree and pragmatics") The upper house, the [Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_%28France%29), meets in the [Palais du Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_du_Luxembourg).[185](../../185/ "tree and pragmatics") The more important lower house, the [National Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_%28France%29), meets in the [Palais Bourbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Bourbon).[186](../../186/ "tree and pragmatics") The [President of the Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France), the second-highest public official in France, with the President of the Republic being the sole superior, resides in the [Petit Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Luxembourg), a smaller palace annexe to the Palais du Luxembourg.[\[122\]](../../page/7/#ref-122 "note 122")[187](../../187/ "tree and pragmatics") France's highest courts are located in Paris.[188](../../188/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Court of Cassation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_%28France%29), the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the [Palais de Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_Justice,_Paris) on the Île de la Cité.[\[123\]](../../page/7/#ref-123 "note 123")[189](../../189/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Conseil d'État](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_%28France%29), which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the [Palais-Royal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais-Royal) in the [1st arrondissement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_arrondissement_of_Paris).[\[124\]](../../page/7/#ref-124 "note 124")[190](../../190/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Constitutional Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France), an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.[\[125\]](../../page/7/#ref-125 "note 125")[191](../../191/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations, including [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO), the [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development), the [International Chamber of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce), the [Paris Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Club), the [European Space Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency), the [International Energy Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency), the [Organisation internationale de la Francophonie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie), the [European Union Institute for Security Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Institute_for_Security_Studies), the [International Bureau of Weights and Measures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures), the [International Exhibition Bureau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Expositions), and the [International Federation for Human Rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights).[192](../../192/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Police force The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the [Prefecture of Police of Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_of_Police_of_Paris), a subdivision of the [Ministry of the Interior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_%28France%29).[193](../../193/ "tree and pragmatics") It supervises the units of the [National Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_%28France%29) who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments.[194](../../194/ "tree and pragmatics") It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the [Paris Fire Brigade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Fire_Brigade).[195](../../195/ "tree and pragmatics") Its headquarters is on [Place Louis Lépine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Louis_Lépine) on the [Île de la Cité](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Île_de_la_Cité).[\[126\]](../../page/7/#ref-126 "note 126")[196](../../196/ "tree and pragmatics") There are 43,800 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats, and helicopters.[\[126\]](../../page/7/#ref-126 "note 126")[197](../../197/ "tree and pragmatics") The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control, and security of public buildings, called the [Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnies_Républicaines_de_Sécurité) (CRS).[198](../../198/ "tree and pragmatics") Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of Paris when there are demonstrations and public events.[199](../../199/ "tree and pragmatics") The police are supported by the [National Gendarmerie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gendarmerie), a branch of the [French Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Armed_Forces).[200](../../200/ "tree and pragmatics") Their police operations are supervised by the [Ministry of the Interior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_ministry).[\[127\]](../../page/7/#ref-127 "note 127")[201](../../201/ "tree and pragmatics") Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities.[202](../../202/ "tree and pragmatics") Violent crime is relatively rare in the city centre.[203](../../203/ "tree and pragmatics") Political violence is uncommon, though very large demonstrations may occur in Paris and other French cities simultaneously.[204](../../204/ "tree and pragmatics") These demonstrations, usually managed by a strong police presence, can turn confrontational and escalate into violence.[\[128\]](../../page/7/#ref-128 "note 128")[205](../../205/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Cityscape ### Urbanism and architecture See also: [Architecture of Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Paris), [Haussmann's renovation of Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris), [Religious buildings in Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_buildings_in_Paris), [List of tallest buildings in the Paris region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_Paris_region) Paris is one of the few world capitals that has rarely seen destruction by catastrophe or war.[206](../../206/ "tree and pragmatics") As a result, even its earliest history is visible in its street map, and centuries of rulers adding their respective architectural marks on the capital have resulted in an accumulated wealth of history-rich monuments and buildings whose beauty plays a large part in giving Paris the reputation it has today.[\[129\]](../../page/7/#ref-129 "note 129")[207](../../207/ "tree and pragmatics") At its origin, before the Middle Ages, Paris was composed of several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the [Seine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine).[208](../../208/ "tree and pragmatics") Of those, two remain today: [Île Saint-Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Île_Saint-Louis) and the [Île de la Cité](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Île_de_la_Cité).[209](../../209/ "tree and pragmatics") A third one is the 1827 artificially created [Île aux Cygnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Île_aux_Cygnes).[210](../../210/ "tree and pragmatics") Modern Paris owes much of its downtown plan and architectural harmony to [Napoleon III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III) and his Prefect of the Seine, [Baron Haussmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Eugène_Haussmann).[211](../../211/ "tree and pragmatics") Between [1853 and 1870 they rebuilt the city centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris), created the wide downtown boulevards and squares where the boulevards intersected, imposed standard facades along the boulevards, and required that the facades be built of the distinctive cream-grey "[Paris stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_stone)".[212](../../212/ "tree and pragmatics") They built the major parks around central Paris.[\[130\]](../../page/7/#ref-130 "note 130")[213](../../213/ "tree and pragmatics") The high residential population of the city centre makes Paris much different from most other major western cities.[\[131\]](../../page/7/#ref-131 "note 131")[214](../../214/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris's urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century,[\[132\]](../../page/7/#ref-132 "note 132") particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned.[\[132\]](../../page/7/#ref-132 "note 132")[215](../../215/ "tree and pragmatics") The 210 m [Tour Montparnasse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Montparnasse) was both Paris's and France's tallest building from 1973 until 2011,[\[133\]](../../page/7/#ref-133 "note 133") when the record was taken by the [La Défense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Défense) district's [Tour First](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_First) in the commune of [Courbevoie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courbevoie).[216](../../216/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Housing In 2018, the most expensive residential street in Paris by average price per square metre was [Avenue Montaigne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_Montaigne), at 22,372 euros per square metre.[\[134\]](../../page/7/#ref-134 "note 134")[217](../../217/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2011, the number of residences in the City of Paris was 1356074.[218](../../218/ "tree and pragmatics") Among these, 1165541 (85.9 percent) were main residences, 91835 (6.8 percent) were secondary residences, and the remaining 7.3 percent were empty.[\[135\]](../../page/7/#ref-135 "note 135")[219](../../219/ "tree and pragmatics") Sixty-two percent of buildings date from 1949 and before, with 20 percent built between 1949 and 1974.[220](../../220/ "tree and pragmatics") 18 percent of Paris buildings were built after 1974.[\[136\]](../../page/7/#ref-136 "note 136")[221](../../221/ "tree and pragmatics") Two-thirds of the city's 1.3 million residences are studio and two-room apartments.[222](../../222/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris averages 1.9 people per residence, a number that has remained constant since the 1980s, which is less than [Île-de-France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Île-de-France)'s 2.33 people-per-residence average.[223](../../223/ "tree and pragmatics") Only 33 percent of Parisian principal residents own their habitation, against 47 percent for the wider Île-de-France region.[224](../../224/ "tree and pragmatics") Most of Paris's population rents their residence.[\[136\]](../../page/7/#ref-136 "note 136")[225](../../225/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2017, social or public housing was 19.9 percent of Paris's residences.[226](../../226/ "tree and pragmatics") Its distribution varies widely throughout Paris, from 2.6 percent of the housing in the wealthy 7th arrondissement to 39.9 percent in the 19th arrondissement.[\[137\]](../../page/7/#ref-137 "note 137")[227](../../227/ "tree and pragmatics") In February 2019, a Paris NGO conducted its annual citywide count of homeless persons.[228](../../228/ "tree and pragmatics") They counted 3,641 homeless persons in Paris, of whom twelve percent were women.[229](../../229/ "tree and pragmatics") More than half had been homeless for more than a year.[230](../../230/ "tree and pragmatics") 2,885 were living in the streets or parks, 298 in train and metro stations, and 756 in other forms of temporary shelter.[231](../../231/ "tree and pragmatics") This was an increase of 588 persons since 2018.[\[138\]](../../page/7/#ref-138 "note 138")[232](../../232/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Suburbs Aside from the 20th-century addition of the [Bois de Boulogne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne), the [Bois de Vincennes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes), and the Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860.[233](../../233/ "tree and pragmatics") A greater administrative [Seine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine_%28department%29) department had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a unique entity.[234](../../234/ "tree and pragmatics") To address this problem, the parent "District de la région parisienne" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three new departments surrounding it.[235](../../235/ "tree and pragmatics") The district of the Paris region was renamed "[Île-de-France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Île-de-France)" in 1977, but this abbreviated "Paris region" name is still commonly used today to describe the Île-de-France, and as a vague reference to the entire Paris agglomeration.[\[139\]](../../page/7/#ref-139 "note 139")[236](../../236/ "tree and pragmatics") Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began in January 2016, when the Métropole du [Grand Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Paris) came into existence.[\[113\]](../../page/7/#ref-113 "note 113")[237](../../237/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris's disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth.[238](../../238/ "tree and pragmatics") [Paul Delouvrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Delouvrier) promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961.[\[140\]](../../page/7/#ref-140 "note 140")[239](../../239/ "tree and pragmatics") Two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban "villes nouvelles" ("new cities")[\[141\]](../../page/7/#ref-141 "note 141") and the [RER](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Réseau_Express_Régional) commuter train network.[\[142\]](../../page/7/#ref-142 "note 142")[240](../../240/ "tree and pragmatics") Many other suburban residential districts (grands ensembles) were built between the 1960s and 1970s to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population.[\[143\]](../../page/7/#ref-143 "note 143")[241](../../241/ "tree and pragmatics") These districts were socially mixed at first,[\[144\]](../../page/7/#ref-144 "note 144") but few residents actually owned their homes.[242](../../242/ "tree and pragmatics") The growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s.[\[145\]](../../page/7/#ref-145 "note 145")[243](../../243/ "tree and pragmatics") Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere, and their repopulation by those with more limited resources.[\[145\]](../../page/7/#ref-145 "note 145")[244](../../244/ "tree and pragmatics") These areas, quartiers sensibles ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its [Goutte d'Or](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goutte_d%27Or) and [Belleville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville,_Paris) neighbourhoods.[245](../../245/ "tree and pragmatics") To the north of Paris, they are grouped mainly in the [Seine-Saint-Denis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis) [department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_%28France%29), and to a lesser extent, to the east in the [Val-d'Oise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Oise) [department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_%28France%29).[246](../../246/ "tree and pragmatics") Other difficult areas are located in the [Seine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine) valley, in [Évry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Évry_%28Essonne%29) et [Corbeil-Essonnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbeil-Essonnes) ([Essonne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne_%28département%29)), in [Mureaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mureaux), [Mantes-la-Jolie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantes-la-Jolie) ([Yvelines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvelines)), and scattered among social housing districts created by [Delouvrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Delouvrier)'s 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative.[\[146\]](../../page/7/#ref-146 "note 146")[247](../../247/ "tree and pragmatics") The Paris agglomeration's [urban sociology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sociology) is basically that of 19th-century Paris: the wealthy live in the west and southwest, and the middle-to-working classes are in the north and east.[248](../../248/ "tree and pragmatics") The remaining areas are mostly middle-class, dotted with wealthy islands in areas of historical importance, namely [Saint-Maur-des-Fossés](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Maur-des-Fossés) to the east and [Enghien-les-Bains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enghien-les-Bains) to the north of Paris.[\[147\]](../../page/7/#ref-147 "note 147")[249](../../249/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Demographics Main article: [Demographics of Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Paris) The population of the City of Paris was 2,102,650 in January 2023, down from 2,165,423 in January 2022.[250](../../250/ "tree and pragmatics") Between 2013 and 2023, the population fell by 122,919, or about five percent.[251](../../251/ "tree and pragmatics") The Mayor of Paris, [Anne Hidalgo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hidalgo), declared that this illustrated the "de-densification" of the city, creating more green space and less crowding.[\[148\]](../../page/7/#ref-148 "note 148")[\[149\]](../../page/7/#ref-149 "note 149")[252](../../252/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite the drop, Paris remains the most densely populated city in Europe, with 252 residents per hectare, not counting parks.[\[150\]](../../page/7/#ref-150 "note 150")[253](../../253/ "tree and pragmatics") This drop was attributed partly to a lower birth rate, the departure of middle-class residents, and the possible loss of housing in Paris, due to short-term rentals for tourism.[\[151\]](../../page/7/#ref-151 "note 151")[254](../../254/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris is the fourth largest municipality in the European Union, after [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin) [corpus](../../../Berlin/ "in our corpus"), [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid) [corpus](../../../Madrid/ "in our corpus") and [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome) [corpus](../../../Rome/ "in our corpus"), and is the [34th most densely populated city in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density) as of 2020.[\[152\]](../../page/7/#ref-152 "note 152")[255](../../255/ "tree and pragmatics") [Eurostat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostat) places Paris (6.5 million people) behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls "urban audit core cities".[\[153\]](../../page/7/#ref-153 "note 153")[256](../../256/ "tree and pragmatics") The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921.[257](../../257/ "tree and pragmatics") The principal reasons are a significant decline in household size and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975.[258](../../258/ "tree and pragmatics") Factors in the migration included [de-industrialisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-industrialisation), high rent, the [gentrification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification) of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families.[259](../../259/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris's population loss came to a temporary halt at the beginning of the 21st century.[260](../../260/ "tree and pragmatics") The population increased from 2,125,246 in 1999 to 2,240,621 in 2012, before declining again between 2012 and 2023.[\[154\]](../../page/7/#ref-154 "note 154")[\[155\]](../../page/7/#ref-155 "note 155")[261](../../261/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its limits: commonly referred to as the agglomération Parisienne, and statistically as a [unité urbaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unité_urbaine) (a measure of [urban area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area)), the Paris agglomeration's population of 11,013,774 in 2023 made it the [largest urban area in the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union).[\[4\]](../../page/7/#ref-4 "note 4")[262](../../262/ "tree and pragmatics") City-influenced commuter activity reaches further, in a statistical [aire d'attraction de Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Metropolitan_Area), ("functional area", a statistical method comparable to a [metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area)),[\[156\]](../../page/7/#ref-156 "note 156") that had a population of 13,320,752 in 2023,[\[4\]](../../page/7/#ref-4 "note 4") 19.6% of the population of France,[\[157\]](../../page/7/#ref-157 "note 157") and the [largest metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe) in the [Eurozone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone).[\[158\]](../../page/7/#ref-158 "note 158")[263](../../263/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2012, the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union.[264](../../264/ "tree and pragmatics") There were 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits, the NUTS-3 statistical area, ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre.[265](../../265/ "tree and pragmatics") In the same census, three departments bordering Paris, [Hauts-de-Seine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine), [Seine-Saint-Denis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis) and [Val-de-Marne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne), had population densities of over 10,000 people per square kilometre, ranking among the 10 most densely populated areas of the EU.[\[159\]](../../page/7/#ref-159 "note 159")[266](../../266/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/7/) - ← previous: [page 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/2/) - next →: [page 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/4/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)