--- title: Paris — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 5 description: Wikipedia's «Paris», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Paris is the capital and largest city of France, with an estimated city population of 2.04 million in an area of 105.4 km2, and a metropolitan population of 13.2 million as of as of 2026 Janu --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/5/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Paris # Paris · page 5 From Wikipedia, [«Paris»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/4/) **5** [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/7/) The [Musée d'Orsay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_d%27Orsay), featuring 19th-century art and the [French Impressionists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Impressionists), had one million visitors.[367](../../367/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the [Cité des sciences et de l'industrie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cité_des_sciences_et_de_l%27industrie) (984,000 visitors in 2020), and one of the oldest, the [Musée des Arts et Métiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_des_Arts_et_Métiers) (opened in 1794).[368](../../368/ "tree and pragmatics") The other most-visited museums in 2021 were the [Fondation Louis Vuitton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondation_Louis_Vuitton) (691,000), the [Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_du_Quai_Branly_–_Jacques_Chirac), featuring indigenous art and cultures of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas.[369](../../369/ "tree and pragmatics") (616,000); the [Musée Carnavalet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_Carnavalet) (History of Paris) (606,000), and the [Petit Palais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Palais), the art museum of the City of Paris (518,000).[\[205\]](../../page/7/#ref-205 "note 205")[370](../../370/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Musée de l'Orangerie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_de_l%27Orangerie), near the Louvre and the Orsay, also exhibits Impressionists and Post-Impressionists, including most of [Claude Monet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet)'s large [Water Lilies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Lilies_%28Monet_series%29) murals.[371](../../371/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Musée national du Moyen Âge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_national_du_Moyen_Âge), or Cluny Museum, presents [Medieval art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_art).[372](../../372/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Guimet Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guimet_Museum), or Musée national des arts asiatiques, has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe.[373](../../373/ "tree and pragmatics") There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the [Musée Picasso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_Picasso), the [Musée Rodin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_Rodin), and the [Musée national Eugène Delacroix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_national_Eugène_Delacroix).[374](../../374/ "tree and pragmatics") The military history of France is presented by displays at the [Musée de l'Armée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_de_l%27Armée) at [Les Invalides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Invalides).[375](../../375/ "tree and pragmatics") In addition to the national museums, run by the [Ministry of Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_%28France%29), the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the [Carnavalet Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnavalet_Museum) on the history of Paris, [Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_d%27Art_Moderne_de_la_Ville_de_Paris), [Palais de Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_Tokyo), the [House of Victor Hugo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_de_Victor_Hugo), the [House of Balzac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_de_Balzac) and the [Catacombs of Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris).[\[206\]](../../page/7/#ref-206 "note 206")[376](../../376/ "tree and pragmatics") There are also notable private museums.[377](../../377/ "tree and pragmatics") The Contemporary Art museum of the [Louis Vuitton Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Foundation), designed by architect [Frank Gehry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gehry), opened in October 2014 in the [Bois de Boulogne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne).[378](../../378/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Theatre See also: [Theatre of France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_France) The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical [Paris Opéra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opéra_National_de_Paris)) and modern [Opéra Bastille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opéra_Bastille).[379](../../379/ "tree and pragmatics") The Opéra Garnier tends toward the more classic ballets and operas.[380](../../380/ "tree and pragmatics") The Paris Opéra provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern.[\[207\]](../../page/7/#ref-207 "note 207")[381](../../381/ "tree and pragmatics") In the mid-19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which still exists), [Théâtre-Italien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théâtre-Italien) and [Théâtre Lyrique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théâtre_Lyrique) (now the [Théâtre de la Ville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théâtre_de_la_Ville)).[\[208\]](../../page/7/#ref-208 "note 208")[382](../../382/ "tree and pragmatics") [Philharmonie de Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonie_de_Paris), the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015.[383](../../383/ "tree and pragmatics") Another musical landmark is the [Théâtre des Champs-Élysées](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théâtre_des_Champs-Élysées), where the first performances of Diaghilev's [Ballets Russes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballets_Russes) took place in 1913.[384](../../384/ "tree and pragmatics") Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television.[385](../../385/ "tree and pragmatics") The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the [Comédie-Française](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comédie-Française), founded in 1680.[386](../../386/ "tree and pragmatics") Run by the Government of France, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the [Palais-Royal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais-Royal).[\[209\]](../../page/7/#ref-209 "note 209")[387](../../387/ "tree and pragmatics") Other famous theatres include the [Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odéon-Théâtre_de_l%27Europe), also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador; and the [Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théâtre_de_la_Gaîté-Montparnasse).[\[210\]](../../page/7/#ref-210 "note 210")[388](../../388/ "tree and pragmatics") The music hall and [cabaret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret) are famous Paris institutions.[389](../../389/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Moulin Rouge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulin_Rouge) opened in 1889 and became the birthplace of the [Cancan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancan) dance.[390](../../390/ "tree and pragmatics") It helped make famous the singers [Mistinguett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistinguett) and [Édith Piaf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édith_Piaf) and the painter [Toulouse-Lautrec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec), who made posters for the venue.[391](../../391/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1911, the dance hall [Olympia Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_Paris) invented the grand staircase as a setting for its shows, competing with its great rival, the [Folies Bergère](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folies_Bergère).[392](../../392/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Casino de Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_de_Paris) presented many famous French singers, including [Mistinguett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistinguett), [Maurice Chevalier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier) and [Tino Rossi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tino_Rossi).[393](../../393/ "tree and pragmatics") Other famous Paris music halls include [Le Lido](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Lido), on the Champs-Élysées, opened in 1946; and the [Crazy Horse Saloon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Horse_%28cabaret%29), featuring strip-tease, dance, and magic, opened in 1951.[394](../../394/ "tree and pragmatics") A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the city.[\[211\]](../../page/7/#ref-211 "note 211")[395](../../395/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Literature Main article: [Writers in Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_in_Paris) The first book printed in France, Epistolae ("Letters"), by [Gasparinus de Bergamo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasparinus_de_Bergamo), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by [Johann Heynlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heynlin).[396](../../396/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris has since been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature.[397](../../397/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as [Boileau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau), [Corneille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Corneille), [La Fontaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fontaine), [Molière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molière), [Racine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Racine), [Charles Perrault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Perrault),[\[212\]](../../page/7/#ref-212 "note 212") several coming from the provinces, as well as the foundation of the [Académie française](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Académie_française).[\[213\]](../../page/7/#ref-213 "note 213")[398](../../398/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons; it was dominated by [Voltaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire), [Jean-Jacques Rousseau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau), [Pierre de Marivaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Marivaux), and [Pierre Beaumarchais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais).[399](../../399/ "tree and pragmatics") During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including [Charles Baudelaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire), [Stéphane Mallarmé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stéphane_Mallarmé), [Mérimée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mérimée), [Alfred de Musset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset), [Marcel Proust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Proust), [Émile Zola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Zola), [Alexandre Dumas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas), [Gustave Flaubert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert), [Guy de Maupassant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant) and [Honoré de Balzac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoré_de_Balzac).[400](../../400/ "tree and pragmatics") Victor Hugo's [The Hunchback of Notre-Dame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame) inspired the renovation of its setting, the [Notre-Dame de Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris).[\[214\]](../../page/7/#ref-214 "note 214")[401](../../401/ "tree and pragmatics") Another of Hugo's works, [Les Misérables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Misérables), described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s.[\[215\]](../../page/7/#ref-215 "note 215")[402](../../402/ "tree and pragmatics") One of the most popular of all French writers, [Jules Verne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne), worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange while he did research for his stories at the National Library.[\[216\]](../../page/7/#ref-216 "note 216")[403](../../403/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by figures such as [Colette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colette), [André Gide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Gide), [François Mauriac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Mauriac), [André Malraux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Malraux), [Albert Camus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus), and, after World War II, by [Simone de Beauvoir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir) and [Jean-Paul Sartre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre).[404](../../404/ "tree and pragmatics") Between the wars, it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including [Ernest Hemingway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway), [Samuel Beckett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett), [Miguel Ángel Asturias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Ángel_Asturias), [Alejo Carpentier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier), and [Arturo Uslar Pietri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Uslar_Pietri).[405](../../405/ "tree and pragmatics") The winner of the 2014 [Nobel Prize in Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature), [Patrick Modiano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Modiano), based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s–1970s.[\[217\]](../../page/7/#ref-217 "note 217")[406](../../406/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris.[\[218\]](../../page/7/#ref-218 "note 218")[407](../../407/ "tree and pragmatics") It is also a city of small bookstores.[408](../../408/ "tree and pragmatics") There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine.[409](../../409/ "tree and pragmatics") Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.[\[219\]](../../page/7/#ref-219 "note 219")[410](../../410/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Music Main article: [Music in Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_in_Paris), [History of music in Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_music_in_Paris) In the late 12th century, a school of [polyphony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony) was established at Notre-Dame.[411](../../411/ "tree and pragmatics") Among the [Trouvères](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouvères) of northern France, a group of Parisian aristocrats became known for their poetry and songs.[412](../../412/ "tree and pragmatics") [Troubadours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadours), from the south of France, were also popular.[413](../../413/ "tree and pragmatics") During the reign of [François I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France), in the [Renaissance era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_music), the [lute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute) became popular in the French court.[414](../../414/ "tree and pragmatics") The French royal family and courtiers "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy", and a national musical printing house was established.[\[201\]](../../page/7/#ref-201 "note 201")[415](../../415/ "tree and pragmatics") In the [Baroque-era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music), noted composers included [Jean-Baptiste Lully](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully), [Jean-Philippe Rameau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau), and [François Couperin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Couperin).[\[201\]](../../page/7/#ref-201 "note 201")[416](../../416/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Conservatoire de Musique de Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris) was founded in 1795.[\[220\]](../../page/7/#ref-220 "note 220")[417](../../417/ "tree and pragmatics") By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet, and operatic music.[418](../../418/ "tree and pragmatics") [Romantic-era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music) composers include [Hector Berlioz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz), [Charles Gounod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gounod), [Camille Saint-Saëns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Saint-Saëns), [Léo Delibes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léo_Delibes) and [Jules Massenet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet), among others.[\[201\]](../../page/7/#ref-201 "note 201")[419](../../419/ "tree and pragmatics") [Georges Bizet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet)'s [Carmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen) premiered in 1875 and has become one of the most popular operas in the classical [canon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_canon).[\[221\]](../../page/7/#ref-221 "note 221")[\[222\]](../../page/7/#ref-222 "note 222")[420](../../420/ "tree and pragmatics") Among the [Impressionist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism_in_music) composers who created new works for piano, orchestra, opera, chamber music and other musical forms, stand in particular [Claude Debussy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy), [Erik Satie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Satie) and [Maurice Ravel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Ravel).[421](../../421/ "tree and pragmatics") Several foreign-born composers, such as [Frédéric Chopin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frédéric_Chopin), [Franz Liszt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt), [Jacques Offenbach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach), [Niccolò Paganini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolò_Paganini), and [Igor Stravinsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky), established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works and their influence in Paris.[422](../../422/ "tree and pragmatics") [Bal-musette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal-musette) is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s; by 1880, Paris had some 150 dance halls.[\[223\]](../../page/7/#ref-223 "note 223")[423](../../423/ "tree and pragmatics") Patrons danced the [bourrée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourrée) to the accompaniment of the [cabrette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabrette) (a [bellows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellows)-blown [bagpipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipe) locally called a "musette") and the vielle à roue ([hurdy-gurdy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy)) in the cafés and bars of the city.[424](../../424/ "tree and pragmatics") Parisian and Italian musicians who played the [accordion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion) adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars,[\[224\]](../../page/7/#ref-224 "note 224") and Paris became a major centre for [jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz) and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.[\[225\]](../../page/7/#ref-225 "note 225")[425](../../425/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris is the spiritual home of [gypsy jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_jazz), and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city.[\[224\]](../../page/7/#ref-224 "note 224")[426](../../426/ "tree and pragmatics") [Django Reinhardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Reinhardt) rose to fame in Paris and performed with violinist [Stéphane Grappelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stéphane_Grappelli) and their [Quintette du Hot Club de France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintette_du_Hot_Club_de_France) in the 1930s and 1940s.[\[226\]](../../page/7/#ref-226 "note 226")[427](../../427/ "tree and pragmatics") Immediately after the war, the [Saint-Germain-des-Prés](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Prés) quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, including the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, [Le Tabou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Tabou).[428](../../428/ "tree and pragmatics") They introduced Parisians to the music of [Claude Luter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Luter), [Boris Vian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Vian), [Sydney Bechet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Bechet), [Mezz Mezzrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezz_Mezzrow), and [Henri Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Salvador).[429](../../429/ "tree and pragmatics") Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.[\[227\]](../../page/7/#ref-227 "note 227")[430](../../430/ "tree and pragmatics") Some of the finest [manouche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manouche) musicians in the world are found here playing the cafés of the city at night.[\[226\]](../../page/7/#ref-226 "note 226")[431](../../431/ "tree and pragmatics") Some of the more notable jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord.[\[225\]](../../page/7/#ref-225 "note 225")[\[226\]](../../page/7/#ref-226 "note 226")[432](../../432/ "tree and pragmatics") Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the [Paris Jazz Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Jazz_Festival) and the rock festival [Rock en Seine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_en_Seine).[\[228\]](../../page/7/#ref-228 "note 228")[433](../../433/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Orchestre de Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre_de_Paris) was established in 1967.[\[229\]](../../page/7/#ref-229 "note 229")[434](../../434/ "tree and pragmatics") [Édith Piaf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édith_Piaf) is widely regarded as France's national [chanteuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson) and one of France's greatest international stars.[\[230\]](../../page/7/#ref-230 "note 230")[435](../../435/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris has a big [hip hop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_hip_hop) scene.[436](../../436/ "tree and pragmatics") This music became popular during the 1980s.[\[231\]](../../page/7/#ref-231 "note 231")[437](../../437/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cinema See also: [List of films set in Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_Paris) The movie industry was born in Paris when [Auguste and Louis Lumière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumière) projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Café on 28 December 1895.[\[232\]](../../page/7/#ref-232 "note 232")[438](../../438/ "tree and pragmatics") Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into cinemas when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s.[439](../../439/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris's largest cinema room today is in the [Grand Rex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rex) theatre with 2,700 seats.[\[233\]](../../page/7/#ref-233 "note 233")[440](../../440/ "tree and pragmatics") Big multiplex cinemas have been built since the 1990s.[441](../../441/ "tree and pragmatics") UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles, with 27 screens, MK2 Bibliothèque with 20 screens, and UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.[\[234\]](../../page/7/#ref-234 "note 234")[442](../../442/ "tree and pragmatics") Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment.[443](../../443/ "tree and pragmatics") [French cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_France) comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such as [Claude Lelouch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Lelouch), [Jean-Luc Godard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard), and [Luc Besson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Besson), and the more slapstick/popular genre with director [Claude Zidi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Zidi) as an example.[\[235\]](../../page/7/#ref-235 "note 235")[444](../../444/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Restaurants and cuisine See also: [French cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisine) Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and [haute cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_cuisine), food meticulously prepared and artfully presented.[445](../../445/ "tree and pragmatics") La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the [Palais-Royal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais-Royal) by [Antoine Beauvilliers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Beauvilliers); it became a model for future luxury Paris restaurants.[446](../../446/ "tree and pragmatics") The restaurant [Le Grand Véfour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Grand_Véfour) in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period.[\[236\]](../../page/7/#ref-236 "note 236")[447](../../447/ "tree and pragmatics") The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Café de Paris, the [Rocher de Cancale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_Rocher_de_Cancale), the [Café Anglais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Café_Anglais), [Maison Dorée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_dorée_%28Paris%29) and the Café Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the [Boulevard des Italiens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_des_Italiens).[448](../../448/ "tree and pragmatics") Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the [Belle Époque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Époque), including [Maxim's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim%27s_Paris) on Rue Royale, [Ledoyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledoyen) in the gardens of the [Champs-Élysées](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champs-Élysées), and the [Tour d'Argent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_d%27Argent) on the Quai de la Tournelle.[\[237\]](../../page/7/#ref-237 "note 237")[449](../../449/ "tree and pragmatics") Today, owing to Paris's cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants.[\[238\]](../../page/7/#ref-238 "note 238")[450](../../450/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Michelin Guide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_Guide) has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France.[451](../../451/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2018, of the 27 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, ten are located in Paris.[452](../../452/ "tree and pragmatics") These include both restaurants that serve classical French cuisine, such as [L'Ambroisie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ambroisie), and those that serve non-traditional menus, such as [L'Astrance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Astrance), which combines French and Asian cuisines.[453](../../453/ "tree and pragmatics") Several of France's most famous chefs, including [Pierre Gagnaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gagnaire), [Alain Ducasse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Ducasse), [Yannick Alléno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Alléno), and [Alain Passard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Passard), have three-star restaurants in Paris.[\[239\]](../../page/7/#ref-239 "note 239")[\[240\]](../../page/7/#ref-240 "note 240")[454](../../454/ "tree and pragmatics") Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places.[455](../../455/ "tree and pragmatics") The [café](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehouse) arrived in Paris in the 17th century, and by the 18th century, Parisian cafés were centres of the city's political and cultural life.[456](../../456/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Café Procope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Café_Procope) on the Left Bank dates from this period.[457](../../457/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 20th century, the cafés of the Left Bank, especially [Café de la Rotonde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Café_de_la_Rotonde) and [Le Dôme Café](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Dôme_Café) in Montparnasse and [Café de Flore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Café_de_Flore) and [Les Deux Magots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Deux_Magots) on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers.[\[237\]](../../page/7/#ref-237 "note 237")[458](../../458/ "tree and pragmatics") A [bistro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistro) is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele, and a congenial atmosphere.[459](../../459/ "tree and pragmatics") Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition, and different eating habits of Parisian diners.[\[241\]](../../page/7/#ref-241 "note 241")[460](../../460/ "tree and pragmatics") A [brasserie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasserie) originally was a tavern located next to a brewery, which served beer and food at any hour.[461](../../461/ "tree and pragmatics") Beginning with the [Paris Exposition of 1867](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Exposition_of_1867), it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage.[462](../../462/ "tree and pragmatics") Now, brasseries, like cafés, serve food and drinks throughout the day.[\[242\]](../../page/7/#ref-242 "note 242")[463](../../463/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Fashion Main article: [Fashion in Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_in_Paris) Since the 19th century, Paris has been an international [fashion capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_capital), particularly in the domain of [haute couture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couture) (clothing hand-made to order for private clients).[\[243\]](../../page/7/#ref-243 "note 243")[464](../../464/ "tree and pragmatics") It is home to some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including [Dior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Dior_S.A.) and [Chanel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel), as well as many other well-known and more contemporary fashion designers, such as [Karl Lagerfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld), [Jean-Paul Gaultier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultier), [Yves Saint Laurent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_%28designer%29), [Givenchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givenchy), and [Christian Lacroix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lacroix).[465](../../465/ "tree and pragmatics") [Paris Fashion Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week), held in January and July in the [Carrousel du Louvre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrousel_du_Louvre) among other renowned city locations, is one of the top four events on the international fashion calendar.[\[244\]](../../page/7/#ref-244 "note 244")[\[245\]](../../page/7/#ref-245 "note 245")[466](../../466/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/4/) **5** [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/7/) - ← previous: [page 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Paris/page/4/) - next →: [page 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