---
title: Inflation in 2012 was the lowest in Latin America at only 1.8%, but… — Peru · tree and pragmatics
description: Inflation in 2012 was the lowest in Latin America at only 1.8%, but increased in 2013 as oil and commodity prices rose; as of 2014 it stands at 2.5%, and 8.6% in 2023. Who acts: Inflation, oil prices. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Peru» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Peru, sentence 351

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From Wikipedia, [«Peru»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Inflation in 2012 was the lowest in Latin America at only 1.8%, but increased in 2013 as oil and commodity prices rose; as of 2014 it stands at 2.5%, and 8.6% in 2023.

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**Who acts:** Inflation, oil prices · **What happens:** be, increase, rise, stand · **To what, where:** Latin America, lowest, 2013

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Peru». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Inflation, oil prices), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Peru:351
# text = Inflation in 2012 was the lowest in Latin America at only 1.8%, but increased in 2013 as oil and commodity prices rose; as of 2014 it stands at 2.5%, and 8.6% in 2023.
1	Inflation	inflation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	2012	2012	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	1	nmod	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	lowest	low	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	Latin	Latin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	only	only	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	1.8	1.8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	%	%	SYM	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	increased	increase	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	2013	2013	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	16	obl	_	_
19	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	24	mark	_	_
20	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	commodity	commodity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	_
23	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	nsubj	_	_
24	rose	rise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	30	punct	_	_
26	as	as	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	28	case	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	fixed	_	_
28	2014	2014	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	30	obl	_	_
29	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
30	stands	stand	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	parataxis	_	_
31	at	at	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	2.5	2.5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	33	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	%	%	SYM	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
35	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
36	8.6	8.6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	37	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	%	%	SYM	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	_
38	in	in	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
39	2023	2023	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	37	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Inflation in 2012 |  |  | Latin America |  | low *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **increase** | participle · passive |  | the lowest |  | 2013 |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
| 3 | **rise** | past | oil prices |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **stand** | present | inflation |  |  |  |  | as 2014 | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent at %=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Peru», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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