--- title: Philippines — English Wikipedia · full text with trees description: Wikipedia's «Philippines», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Philippines/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Philippines # Philippines From Wikipedia, [«Philippines»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. The English Wikipedia article «Philippines», whole: 40 sections, 503 sentences and 10147 words, its 560 notes at the end. The marks in brackets «[n]» are Wikipedia's own, each leading to its note and source; the small number after every sentence leads to the sentence's own page with its syntax tree and pragmatics, parsed by Mova itself. **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Philippines/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Philippines/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Philippines/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Philippines/page/5/) | Facts | | | --- | --- | | | **Republic of the Philippines · Republika ng Pilipinas** | | | **Motto:** ; [Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa)[\[1\]](page/5/#ref-1 "note 1"); "For God, People, Nature, and Country" | | | **Anthem:** [Lupang Hinirang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang); "Chosen Land" | | | **[Great Seal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines):** | | Capital | [Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila) [corpus](../Manila/ "in our corpus"); 13°N 122°E | | Government seat | [Metro Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila) [corpus](../Metro_Manila/ "in our corpus")[\[3\]](page/5/#ref-3 "note 3") | | Largest city | [Quezon City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City) | | Official languages | [Filipino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language); [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_English) | | Recognized national languages | Filipino | | Recognized regional languages | [19 languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines)[\[4\]](page/5/#ref-4 "note 4") | | National [sign language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language) | [Filipino Sign Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language) | | Other recognized languages[\[6\]](page/5/#ref-6 "note 6") | [Spanish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Spanish) and [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) | | [Demonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) | [Filipino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos) (neutral); Filipina (feminine); [Pinoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinoy) (colloquial neutral); Pinay (colloquial feminine); Philippine (adjective for certain common nouns) | | Government | Unitary [presidential republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_republic) | | • [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines) | [Bongbong Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos) | | • [Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines) | [Sara Duterte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Duterte) | | • [Senate President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines) | [Sherwin Gatchalian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwin_Gatchalian) | | • [House Speaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines) | [Bojie Dy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojie_Dy) | | • [Chief Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines) | [Alexander Gesmundo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo) | | Legislature | [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines) | | • [Upper house](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house) | [Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines) | | • [Lower house](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house) | [House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines) | | **[Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty_of_the_Philippines) from [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_%28Spain%29) and the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) [corpus](../United_States/ "in our corpus")** | | | • [Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence) | June 12, 1898 | | • [Cession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281898%29) | April 11, 1899 | | • [Self-government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines) | November 15, 1935 | | • [Recognized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_%281946%29) | July 4, 1946 | | • [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines) | February 2, 1987 | | **[Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines)** | | | • Total | 300000 km² (115,831 sq mi)[\[7\]](page/5/#ref-7 "note 7")[\[8\]](page/5/#ref-8 "note 8")[\[9\]](page/5/#ref-9 "note 9") ([72nd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area)) | | • Water (%) | 0.61[\[10\]](page/5/#ref-10 "note 10") (inland waters) | | **Population** | | | • 2026 estimate | 114,849,400[\[11\]](page/5/#ref-11 "note 11") ([13th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population)) | | • 2024 census | 112,729,484[\[12\]](page/5/#ref-12 "note 12") | | • Density | 363.45/km² (941.33/sq mi) ([34th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density)) | | [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) ([PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity)) | 2026 estimate | | • Total | $1.573 trillion[\[13\]](page/5/#ref-13 "note 13") ([30th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29)) | | • Per capita | $13,639[\[13\]](page/5/#ref-13 "note 13") ([114th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita)) | | [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (nominal) | 2026 estimate | | • Total | $512.222 billion[\[13\]](page/5/#ref-13 "note 13") ([35th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29)) | | • Per capita | $4,443[\[13\]](page/5/#ref-13 "note 13") ([125th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita)) | | [Gini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (2023) | 39.3[\[14\]](page/5/#ref-14 "note 14"); medium inequality | | [HDI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (2023) | 0.720[\[15\]](page/5/#ref-15 "note 15"); high ([117th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index)) | | Currency | [Philippine peso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_peso) ([₱](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_peso_sign)) ([PHP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217)) | | Time zone | [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time)+8 ([PhST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Standard_Time)) | | Calling code | [+63](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines) | | [Internet TLD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) | [.ph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ph) | The Philippines,[\[16\]](page/5/#ref-16 "note 16") officially the Republic of the Philippines,[\[17\]](page/5/#ref-17 "note 17") is an [archipelagic country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelagic_state) in [Southeast Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia).[1](1/ "tree and pragmatics") Located in the western [Pacific Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean), it consists of about [7,641 islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines), with a total area of about 300,000 square kilometers.[2](2/ "tree and pragmatics") The islands are broadly categorized in [three main geographical divisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines).[3](3/ "tree and pragmatics") From north to south, the divisions are: [Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon), [Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayas), and [Mindanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao).[4](4/ "tree and pragmatics") With a population of over 114 million, it is the world's [twelfth-most-populous country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population).[5](5/ "tree and pragmatics") The Philippines is bounded by the [South China Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea) to the west, the [Philippine Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea) to the east, and the [Celebes Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebes_Sea) to the south.[6](6/ "tree and pragmatics") It shares [maritime borders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_border) with [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) [corpus](../Taiwan/ "in our corpus") to the north, [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) [corpus](../Japan/ "in our corpus") and [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) [corpus](../South_Korea/ "in our corpus") to the northeast, [Palau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau) [corpus](../Palau/ "in our corpus") and [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam) to the east and southeast, [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) [corpus](../Indonesia/ "in our corpus") to the south, [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) [corpus](../Malaysia/ "in our corpus") to the southwest, [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) [corpus](../Vietnam/ "in our corpus") to the west, and [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) [corpus](../China/ "in our corpus") to the northwest.[7](7/ "tree and pragmatics") It has [diverse ethnicities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines) and [a rich culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines).[8](8/ "tree and pragmatics") [Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila) [corpus](../Manila/ "in our corpus") is [the country's capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines), and [its most populated city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines#Largest_cities) is [Quezon City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City).[9](9/ "tree and pragmatics") Both are within [Metro Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila) [corpus](../Metro_Manila/ "in our corpus").[10](10/ "tree and pragmatics") [Negritos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negrito), the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by [waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines) of [Austronesian peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples).[11](11/ "tree and pragmatics") The adoption of [animism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism), [Hinduism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism) with [Buddhist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist) influence, and [Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) established [island-kingdoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%28900–1565%29).[12](12/ "tree and pragmatics") Extensive overseas trade with neighbors such as the late [Tang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty) or [Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Song) empire brought [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangley) people to the archipelago as well, who would also gradually settle in and [intermix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interethnic_marriage) over the centuries.[13](13/ "tree and pragmatics") The arrival of the explorer [Ferdinand Magellan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan) marked the beginning of [Spanish colonization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonization_in_the_Philippines).[14](14/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1543, Spanish explorer [Ruy López de Villalobos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_López_de_Villalobos) named the archipelago las Islas Filipinas in honor of [King Philip II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain).[15](15/ "tree and pragmatics") [Catholicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church) became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of [trans-Pacific trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet).[16](16/ "tree and pragmatics") [Hispanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniard) immigrants from [Latin America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Asian) and [Iberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia) would also selectively colonize.[17](17/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Philippine Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution) began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898 [Spanish–American War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish–American_War).[18](18/ "tree and pragmatics") Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and [Filipino revolutionaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Junta) declared the [First Philippine Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic).[19](19/ "tree and pragmatics") The ensuing [Philippine–American War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine–American_War) ended with the United States controlling the territory until the [Japanese invasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_%281941–1942%29) of the islands during [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II).[20](20/ "tree and pragmatics") After [the United States retook the Philippines from the Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_%281944–1945%29), the Philippines became independent in 1946.[21](21/ "tree and pragmatics") Since then, the country notably experienced a [period of martial law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos) from 1972 to 1981 under the dictatorship of [Ferdinand Marcos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos) and his subsequent overthrow by the [People Power Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution) in 1986, returning to democracy.[22](22/ "tree and pragmatics") The Philippines is an [emerging market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_market) and a [developing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country) and [newly industrialized country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country), [whose economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines) is transitioning from being agricultural to service- and manufacturing-centered.[23](23/ "tree and pragmatics") It has a variety of natural resources and a globally-significant [level of biodiversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadiverse_countries).[24](24/ "tree and pragmatics") The country is also part of [multiple international organizations and forums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_the_Philippines), mainly in the [Asia-Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific) region.[25](25/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite its fast economic growth, it continues to struggle with [inequality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines), widespread [corruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines), and vulnerability to natural disasters due to its location both within the Pacific [Ring of Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Fire) and near the [equator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator), making it prone to [earthquakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines), [monsoon rains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon), and [typhoons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines), to which the Philippines has built a [resilience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_resilience).[26](26/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Etymology Main article: [Names of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines) During his 1542 expedition, Spanish explorer [Ruy López de Villalobos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_López_de_Villalobos) named the islands of [Leyte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte) and [Samar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar) "Felipinas" after the [Prince of Asturias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias), later Philip II of Castile.[27](27/ "tree and pragmatics") Eventually, the name "Las Islas Filipinas" would be used for the archipelago's Spanish possessions.[\[18\]](page/5/#ref-18 "note 18")[28](28/ "tree and pragmatics") Other names, such as "Islas del Poniente" (Western Islands), "Islas del Oriente" (Eastern Islands), Ferdinand Magellan's name, and "San Lázaro" (Islands of St. Lazarus), were used by the Spanish to refer to islands in the region before Spanish rule was established.[\[19\]](page/5/#ref-19 "note 19")[\[20\]](page/5/#ref-20 "note 20")[\[21\]](page/5/#ref-21 "note 21")[29](29/ "tree and pragmatics") During the [Philippine Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution), the [Malolos Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Congress) proclaimed it the República Filipina ([Philippine Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic)).[30](30/ "tree and pragmatics") American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name).[\[22\]](page/5/#ref-22 "note 22")[31](31/ "tree and pragmatics") The [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) [corpus](../United_States/ "in our corpus") began changing its nomenclature from "the Philippine Islands" to "the Philippines" in the Philippine Autonomy Act and the [Jones Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Law_%28Philippines%29).[32](32/ "tree and pragmatics") The official title "Republic of the Philippines" was included in the 1935 constitution as the name of the future independent state, and in all succeeding constitutional revisions.[33](33/ "tree and pragmatics") ## History Main article: [History of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines) ### Prehistory (pre–900) Main article: [Prehistory of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines) There is [evidence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines) of early [hominins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominins) living in what is now the Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago.[\[23\]](page/5/#ref-23 "note 23")[34](34/ "tree and pragmatics") Bones from [Callao Cave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callao_Cave) potentially represent an otherwise unknown species, [Homo luzonensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_luzonensis), who lived 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.[35](35/ "tree and pragmatics") The oldest [modern human](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_human) remains on the islands are from the [Tabon Caves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabon_Caves) of [Palawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawan), [U/Th-dated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U/Th-dated) to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago.[\[24\]](page/5/#ref-24 "note 24")[36](36/ "tree and pragmatics") [Tabon Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabon_Man) is presumably a [Negrito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negrito), among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants descended from the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route along [southern Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia) to the now-sunken landmasses of [Sundaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundaland) and [Sahul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahul).[\[25\]](page/5/#ref-25 "note 25")[37](37/ "tree and pragmatics") The first Austronesians reached the Philippines from Taiwan around 2200 BC, settling the [Batanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batanes) Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as [ijangs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijang))[\[26\]](page/5/#ref-26 "note 26") and northern [Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon).[38](38/ "tree and pragmatics") Jade artifacts have been dated to 2000 BC,[\[27\]](page/5/#ref-27 "note 27")[\[28\]](page/5/#ref-28 "note 28") with [lingling-o](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingling-o) jade items made in Luzon with raw materials from Taiwan.[\[29\]](page/5/#ref-29 "note 29")[39](39/ "tree and pragmatics") By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four societies: [hunter-gatherer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer) tribes, warrior societies, highland [plutocracies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracies), and port principalities.[\[30\]](page/5/#ref-30 "note 30")[40](40/ "tree and pragmatics") The Philippines prior to foreign colonization was believed to be egalitarian.[\[31\]](page/5/#ref-31 "note 31")[41](41/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Early states (900–1565) Main article: [History of the Philippines (900–1565)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%28900–1565%29)* The earliest known surviving written record in the Philippines is the 900 AD [Laguna Copperplate Inscription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription), which was written in [Old Malay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Malay) using the early [Kawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawi_alphabet) script.\[32\] By the 14th century, several large coastal settlements emerged as trading centers and became the focus of [societal changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_achievements_of_pre-colonial_Philippines).\[33\] Some [polities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polities) had exchanges with other states throughout Asia.\[34\]\[35\] Trade with China began during the late [Tang dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty),\[36\] and expanded during the [Song dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty).\[37\]\[36\] Throughout the second millennium AD, some polities were part of the [tributary system of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China).\[18\]\[34\] With extensive trade and diplomacy, this brought [Southern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China) [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese) merchants and migrants from [Southern Fujian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Fujian),\[38\]\[39\]\[40\] who would gradually settle and intermix in the Philippines. Indian cultural traits such as linguistic terms and religious practices [began to spread](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_influences_in_early_Philippine_polities) in the Philippines during the 14th century, via the Indianized Hindu [Majapahit Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit).\[41\]\[42\] By the 15th century, Islam was established in the [Sulu Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago) and spread from there.\[33\] Polities founded in the Philippines between the 10th and 16th centuries include [Maynila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynila_%28historical_polity%29),[\[43\]](page/5/#ref-43 "note 43") [Tondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondo_%28historical_polity%29), [Namayan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namayan), [Pangasinan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasinan_%28historical_polity%29), [Caboloan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caboloan), [Cebu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_%28historical_state%29), [Butuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butuan_%28historical_polity%29), [Maguindanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao), [Lanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao), [Sulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu), and [Ma-i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma-i).[\[44\]](page/5/#ref-44 "note 44")[42](42/ "tree and pragmatics") The early polities typically had a three-tier social structure: nobility, freemen, and dependent debtor-bondsmen.[\[34\]](page/5/#ref-34 "note 34")[\[45\]](page/5/#ref-45 "note 45")[43](43/ "tree and pragmatics") Among the nobility were leaders known as [datus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu), who were responsible for ruling autonomous groups ([barangays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precolonial_barangay) or dulohan).[\[46\]](page/5/#ref-46 "note 46")[44](44/ "tree and pragmatics") When the barangays banded together to form a larger settlement or a geographically looser alliance,[\[34\]](page/5/#ref-34 "note 34")[\[47\]](page/5/#ref-47 "note 47") their more-esteemed members would be recognized as a "[paramount datu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_rulers_in_early_Philippine_history)",[\[48\]](page/5/#ref-48 "note 48")[\[30\]](page/5/#ref-30 "note 30") [rajah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah) or [sultan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan),[\[49\]](page/5/#ref-49 "note 49") and would rule the community.[\[50\]](page/5/#ref-50 "note 50")[45](45/ "tree and pragmatics") Population density is thought to have been low during the 14th to 16th centuries[\[48\]](page/5/#ref-48 "note 48") due to the [frequency of typhoons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon#Frequency) and the Philippines' location on the Pacific [Ring of Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Fire).[\[51\]](page/5/#ref-51 "note 51")[46](46/ "tree and pragmatics") Portuguese explorer [Ferdinand Magellan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan) arrived in 1521, claimed the islands for Spain, and was killed by [Lapulapu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapulapu)'s men in the [Battle of Mactan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan).[\[52\]](page/5/#ref-52 "note 52")[\[53\]](page/5/#ref-53 "note 53")[47](47/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934) Main article: [History of the Philippines (1565–1898)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281565–1898%29), [History of the Philippines (1898–1946)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281898–1946%29) Unification and colonization by the [Crown of Castile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile) began when Spanish explorer [Miguel López de Legazpi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_López_de_Legazpi) arrived from [New Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain) in 1565.[\[54\]](page/5/#ref-54 "note 54")[\[55\]](page/5/#ref-55 "note 55")[\[56\]](page/5/#ref-56 "note 56")[48](48/ "tree and pragmatics") Many [Filipinos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos) were brought to New Spain [as slaves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Spanish_slavery_in_the_Philippines) and forced crew,[\[57\]](page/5/#ref-57 "note 57") whereas many [Latin Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Asian) were brought to the Philippines as soldiers and colonists.[\[58\]](page/5/#ref-58 "note 58")[49](49/ "tree and pragmatics") The Philippines hosts the only Latin American established districts in Asia.[\[59\]](page/5/#ref-59 "note 59")[\[60\]](page/5/#ref-60 "note 60")[50](50/ "tree and pragmatics") [Spanish Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuros) became the capital of the [Captaincy General of the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines) and the [Spanish East Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies) in 1571,[\[61\]](page/5/#ref-61 "note 61")[\[62\]](page/5/#ref-62 "note 62") the Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific.[\[63\]](page/5/#ref-63 "note 63")[51](51/ "tree and pragmatics") The Spanish invaded local states using the principle of [divide and conquer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_rule),[\[53\]](page/5/#ref-53 "note 53") bringing most of what is the present-day Philippines under one unified administration.[\[64\]](page/5/#ref-64 "note 64")[\[65\]](page/5/#ref-65 "note 65")[52](52/ "tree and pragmatics") Disparate barangays were deliberately [consolidated into towns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductions), where [Catholic missionaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friars_in_Spanish_Philippines) could more easily convert their inhabitants to [Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity),[\[66\]](page/5/#ref-66 "note 66")[\[67\]](page/5/#ref-67 "note 67") which was initially [syncretist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Syncretism).[\[68\]](page/5/#ref-68 "note 68")[53](53/ "tree and pragmatics") [Christianization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization) by the [Spanish friars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friars_in_Spanish_Philippines) occurred mostly across the settled lowlands over the course of time.[54](54/ "tree and pragmatics") From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the [Mexico City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City) [corpus](../Mexico_City/ "in our corpus")-based Viceroyalty of New Spain; it was then administered from [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid) [corpus](../Madrid/ "in our corpus") after the [Mexican War of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence).[\[69\]](page/5/#ref-69 "note 69")[55](55/ "tree and pragmatics") Manila became the western hub of [trans-Pacific trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet)[\[70\]](page/5/#ref-70 "note 70") by [Manila galleons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_galleon) built in [Bicol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicol_Region) and [Cavite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite).[\[71\]](page/5/#ref-71 "note 71")[\[72\]](page/5/#ref-72 "note 72")[56](56/ "tree and pragmatics") During its rule, Spain spent a significant sum of its treasury quelling [indigenous revolts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain)[\[69\]](page/5/#ref-69 "note 69") and defending against external military attacks,[\[73\]](page/5/#ref-73 "note 73")[\[74\]](page/5/#ref-74 "note 74") including [Moro piracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas),[\[75\]](page/5/#ref-75 "note 75") a 17th-century [war against the Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila), 18th-century [British occupation of Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila), and conflict with Muslims in the south.[\[76\]](page/5/#ref-76 "note 76")[57](57/ "tree and pragmatics") Administration of the Philippines was considered a drain on the economy of New Spain,[\[73\]](page/5/#ref-73 "note 73") and abandoning it or trading it for other territory was debated.[58](58/ "tree and pragmatics") This course of action was opposed because of the islands' economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the region.[\[48\]](page/5/#ref-48 "note 48")[\[77\]](page/5/#ref-77 "note 77")[59](59/ "tree and pragmatics") The colony survived on an annual subsidy from the Spanish crown[\[73\]](page/5/#ref-73 "note 73") averaging 250,000 pesos,[\[48\]](page/5/#ref-48 "note 48") usually paid as 75 tons of silver bullion from the Americas.[\[78\]](page/5/#ref-78 "note 78")[60](60/ "tree and pragmatics") [British forces occupied Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila) from 1762 to 1764 during the [Seven Years' War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War).[61](61/ "tree and pragmatics") Spanish rule was restored with the [1763 Treaty of Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281763%29).[\[56\]](page/5/#ref-56 "note 56")[62](62/ "tree and pragmatics") The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the [Reconquista](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista).[\[79\]](page/5/#ref-79 "note 79")[\[80\]](page/5/#ref-80 "note 80")[63](63/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Spanish–Moro conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish–Moro_conflict) lasted for several hundred years.[64](64/ "tree and pragmatics") Spain conquered portions of [Mindanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao) and [Jolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolo) during the last quarter of the 19th century,[\[81\]](page/5/#ref-81 "note 81") and the Muslim [Moro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_people) in the [Sultanate of Sulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu) acknowledged Spanish sovereignty.[\[82\]](page/5/#ref-82 "note 82")[\[83\]](page/5/#ref-83 "note 83")[65](65/ "tree and pragmatics") Philippine ports opened to world trade during the 19th century, and Filipino society began to change.[\[84\]](page/5/#ref-84 "note 84")[\[85\]](page/5/#ref-85 "note 85")[66](66/ "tree and pragmatics") Social identity changed, with the term Filipino encompassing all residents of the archipelago instead of solely referring to [Spaniards born in the Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Filipino).[\[86\]](page/5/#ref-86 "note 86")[\[87\]](page/5/#ref-87 "note 87")[67](67/ "tree and pragmatics") Revolutionary sentiment grew in 1872 after 200 locally recruited [colonial troops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_troops) and laborers alongside [three activist Catholic priests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomburza) were executed on [questionable grounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny).[\[88\]](page/5/#ref-88 "note 88")[\[89\]](page/5/#ref-89 "note 89")[68](68/ "tree and pragmatics") This inspired the [Propaganda Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_Movement), organized by [Marcelo H. del Pilar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar), [José Rizal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Rizal), [Graciano López Jaena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciano_López_Jaena), and [Mariano Ponce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Ponce), which advocated political reform in the Philippines.[\[90\]](page/5/#ref-90 "note 90")[69](69/ "tree and pragmatics") Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, for rebellion, and his death radicalized many who had been loyal to Spain.[\[91\]](page/5/#ref-91 "note 91")[70](70/ "tree and pragmatics") Attempts at reform met with resistance; [Andrés Bonifacio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrés_Bonifacio) founded the [Katipunan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunan) secret society, which sought independence from Spain through armed revolt, in 1892.[\[69\]](page/5/#ref-69 "note 69")[71](71/ "tree and pragmatics") The Katipunan [Cry of Pugad Lawin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin) began the [Philippine Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution) in 1896.[\[92\]](page/5/#ref-92 "note 92")[72](72/ "tree and pragmatics") Internal disputes led to the [Tejeros Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejeros_Convention), at which Bonifacio lost his position and [Emilio Aguinaldo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo) was elected the new leader of the revolution.[\[93\]](page/5/#ref-93 "note 93")[73](73/ "tree and pragmatics") The 1897 [Pact of Biak-na-Bato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato) resulted in the [Hong Kong Junta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Junta) government in exile.[74](74/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Spanish–American War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish–American_War) began the following year, and reached the Philippines; Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, and [declared independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence) from Spain on June 12, 1898.[\[94\]](page/5/#ref-94 "note 94")[75](75/ "tree and pragmatics") In December 1898, the islands were [ceded by Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281898%29) to the United States with [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico) and [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam) after the [Spanish–American War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish–American_War).[\[95\]](page/5/#ref-95 "note 95")[\[96\]](page/5/#ref-96 "note 96")[76](76/ "tree and pragmatics") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain) [corpus](../Spain/ "in our corpus") had ruled the Philippines for 333 years.[\[97\]](page/5/#ref-97 "note 97")[77](77/ "tree and pragmatics") The [First Philippine Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic) was promulgated on January 21, 1899.[\[98\]](page/5/#ref-98 "note 98")[78](78/ "tree and pragmatics") Lack of recognition by the United States led to an [outbreak of hostilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_%281899%29) that, after refusal by the U.S. on-scene military commander of a cease-fire proposal and a declaration of war by the nascent Republic,[\[99\]](page/5/#ref-99 "note 99") escalated into the [Philippine–American War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine–American_War).[\[100\]](page/5/#ref-100 "note 100")[\[101\]](page/5/#ref-101 "note 101")[\[102\]](page/5/#ref-102 "note 102")[79](79/ "tree and pragmatics") **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Philippines/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Philippines/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Philippines/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Philippines/page/5/) - next →: [page 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Philippines/page/2/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)